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-<code>
-++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup manual
-++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-.. contents::
-   :depth: 5
-########################################
-Manual
-########################################
-****************************************
-A. Overview
-****************************************
-Crawl is a fun game in the grand tradition of similar games like Rogue, Hack and
-Moria. The objective is to travel deep into a subterranean cave complex and
-retrieve the Orb of Zot, guarded by many horrible and hideous creatures.
-If you have never played Crawl (or a similar game) before, select the tutorial
-from the starting menu. The tutorial explains the interface in five easy
-lessons. Once you're familiar with the controls, you may want to play a few
-games using hints mode.
-Detailed instructions for playing Crawl follow. To simplify this manual, we
-assume you're using the standard distribution and you've not changed the default
-options. If you don't want to read the whole manual and prefer a short summary
-of the important points, review the quick-start guide file (quickstart.txt) and
-learn as you play.
-You can also read these documents while playing Crawl by hitting '?' at the help
-menu. A list of frequently asked questions about gameplay and design can be
-accessed by pressing '?Q' in the game.
-While Dungeon Crawl is strictly a single player game, you can interact with
-others over a server. Connecting to a server opens several interesting options.
-You can:
-- watch other players and even communicate with them
-- view your past games or those of others
-- battle ghosts of other players
-- compete using a common score list
-- take part in the annual tournament
-- play the most recent development version
-The relevant webpage, telnet and ssh addresses are:
-akrasiac.org (located in North America) (CAO)
-  :http: ``http://crawl.akrasiac.org``
-  :tiles: ``http://webtiles.akrasiac.org``
-  :telnet: ``crawl.akrasiac.org:23``
-  :ssh: ``joshua@crawl.akrasiac.org (ssh key or password joshua)``
-s-z.org (located in North America) (CSZO)
-  :http: ``http://dobrazupa.org``
-  :tiles: ``https://crawl.s-z.org``
-  :ssh: ``crawl@crawl.s-z.org (ssh key or password crawlingtotheusa)``
-berotato.org (located in North America) (CBRO)
-  :http: ``http://crawl.berotato.org/crawl/``
-  :tiles: ``http://crawl.berotato.org``
-  :ssh: ``crawler@crawl.berotato.org (ssh key required)``
-develz.org (located in Europe) (CDO)
-  :http: ``http://crawl.develz.org``
-  :telnet: ``crawl.develz.org:345``
-  :ssh: ``crawl@crawl.develz.org (ssh key required)``
-lantea.net (located in Europe) (CLAN)
-  :http: ``http://crawl.lantea.net/crawl/``
-  :tiles: ``https://crawl.lantea.net:8080``
-  :ssh: ``terminal@crawl.lantea.net (ssh key or password terminal)``
-An ssh key can be obtained at:
-  http://crawl.develz.org/cao_key (PuTTY: http://crawl.develz.org/cao_key.ppk) (for CAO, CDO, CLAN)
-  http://dobrazupa.org/cszo_key (PuTTY: http://dobrazupa.org/cszo_key.ppk) (for CSZO)
-  http://crawl.berotato.org/crawl/keys/ (PuTTY: cbro_key.ppk, unix: cbro_key) (for CBRO)
-The servers carry no guarantees, though they are generally always running. More
-information is available at: http://crawl.develz.org/wordpress/howto
-There is also a lively IRC channel dedicated to Crawl at ##crawl on irc.freenode.net.
-You can ask for help and there will always be someone to watch your game and
-give hints if you happen to play on a server.
-****************************************
-B. Starting screen
-****************************************
-At the Crawl start screen, you will be presented with various game modes, a list
-of saved games (if any), and will be prompted to type a name for your character.
-You can navigate the game modes and saved games with the cursor 'up' and 'down'
-arrow keys.
-Game modes are:
-Dungeon Crawl
-  Start a standard game of Crawl.
-Tutorial for Dungeon Crawl
-  Start one of several specialised tutorials to learn how to play.
-Hints mode for Dungeon Crawl
-  Start a standard game of Crawl, modified to provide help as you play.
-Dungeon Sprint
-  Start one of several single-map challenge mode games of Crawl.
-Zot Defence
-  Start one of several "tower defence"-style games of Crawl.
-Instructions
-  View the instructional help text you are currently reading.
-The Arena
-  Initiate an automated fight mode between two specified combatant groups.
-High Scores
-  View scores for prior games played, sorted by decreasing score.
-Pressing 'enter' immediately after typing your name will select standard Dungeon
-Crawl mode, and you will be prompted to select a species and background. Names
-are unique; entering a name from the saved game list will continue that saved
-game. If you select a game mode instead of entering a name, you may eventually
-be prompted to enter a name.
-You can choose species and background in either order or randomise any
-combination if you would rather have the game decide for you. If both are
-random, you will be prompted to confirm the chosen combination before the game
-starts.
-The choice of species affects several important characteristics, in particular
-the speed at which you learn different skills. This is very important, and helps
-to clearly differentiate the many available species. The following factors are
-species-dependent:
-Major:
-- The amount of hit points you get each level
-- Your rate of skill advancement
-- Your initial primary attributes (this also depends on background)
-- Various special abilities, powers and limitations
-Minor:
-- Your rate of level advancement
-- Occasional bonus points added to some primary attributes
-- The amount of magic points you get each level
-- Your innate resistance to hostile enchantments
-- Your initial equipment (this also depends on background)
-.. note:: Humans are the average to which all other species are compared.
-The choice of character background is definitely less decisive than that of
-species in Crawl. Basically, the background determines what the character has
-learned prior to entering the dungeon (i.e. the starting skills), and also helps
-determine equipment at start.
-You will notice that a different set of backgrounds will be recommended (white)
-for each species. Although you are free to pick any background with almost any
-species (the only restrictions are religious backgrounds where some species
-are not permitted to worship certain gods, or backgrounds where the starting
-equipment is completely unusable by a given species), looking at the recommended
-combinations should give you a rough impression of the weaknesses and strengths
-of the different species.
-For some backgrounds, you must pick a starting weapon before starting the game.
-When you start a new character (or load an old one) and want to get a rough
-impression, you may examine it with the following commands:
-A
-  shows any peculiarities like unusual speed or eating behaviours
-m
-  shows your skills and lets you disable (or focus) training as desired
-i
-  the equipment
-^
-  the text for your god, should you have started with a religion
-%
-  a general, if terse, overview of your gear and most attributes
-Ctrl-O
-  an overview of the parts of the dungeon you have discovered so far
-****************************************
-C. Attributes and stats
-****************************************
-The stat area to the right of the playing map shows a lot of information. It
-starts with the character's name and title (determined by the character's
-highest skill), followed by a line listing the species. If the character
-worships a god, the name of the deity is also listed in the second line,
-together with an indicator of piety. Below these two lines follow a lot of
-numbers. These describe different aspects of the hero.
-Health
-  A measure of life force. Synonymous with hit points and sometimes abbreviated
-  as HP. You die if your health drops to zero or less (although you can die in
-  other ways, too). The main screen shows both your current and maximum hit
-  points. Usually, you regain hit points slowly over time. Pressing '5' or
-  Shift-Num-5 lets you wait for a longer period.
-Magic
-  A measure of magic or other intrinsic power. This is used primarily for
-  spellcasting, but is sometimes also used for the evoking and invoking of many
-  other special abilities. They are displayed in the same way as hit points;
-  nothing bad happens if these drop to zero, except, of course, that you can't
-  cast any spells. Resting restores these, too. It is difficult to have more than
-magic points without using external devices.
-Next come your defences. For all of them, more is better.
-Armour Class
-  Abbreviated to "AC". When something injures you, your AC reduces the amount of
-  damage you suffer.
-Evasion
-  Abbreviated to "EV". This helps you avoid being hit by unpleasant things (but
-  will not reduce the amount of damage you suffer if you do get hit).
-Shield
-  Abbreviated to "SH". This number is a measure of how good your shield (if any)
-  is at blocking attacks.
-Your hero's primary attributes are Strength, Intelligence and Dexterity:
-Strength
-  Abbreviated to "Str". Affects your ability to use heavy armours effectively.
-Intelligence
-  Abbreviated to "Int". Affects how well you can cast spells as well as how much
-  nutrition spellcasting takes.
-Dexterity
-  Abbreviated to "Dex". Significantly affects your ability to dodge attacks aimed
-  at you, your general effectiveness with shields, your stealth, and your
-  effectiveness when stabbing unaware enemies.
-Strength and Dexterity also both increase your effectiveness with melee and ranged
-weapons.
-They grow permanently from gaining levels, and may increase or decrease
-temporarily from mutations or using appropriate artefacts or abilities.
-If any one of these drops to zero for some reason, you will experience very
-unpleasant side-effects, being slowed significantly and taking damage if the
-stat is drained further, as well as some stat-specific negative effects. These
-effects will persist for a short while even after the attribute is restored.
-Upon gaining levels 3, 6, 9, etc., you may choose an attribute to raise. Most
-species gain additional attributes at some levels, with the frequency and the
-attribute to be increased determined by species.
-The next numbers shown are Experience and the (dungeon) Level:
-Experience Level
-  Abbreviated to "XL". Starting characters have experience level 1; the highest
-  possible level is 27. Gaining a level nets additional hit and magic points,
-  and will grant spell slots and sometimes primary attributes.
-Place
-  This shows the branch you are currently in, as well as the level within the
-  branch. The starting branch is called Dungeon, so that the place information
-  will read "Dungeon:1" for a new character.
-There are some additional stats that aren't as important on a turn to turn basis
-and thus aren't listed in the main stats area. They can easily be checked with
-the '@' or '%' commands, though.
-Magic Resistance
-  Affects your ability to resist the effects of enchantments and similar magic
-  directed at you. Has no effect on direct damage dealt by magic, just on more
-  subtle effects. Although your magic resistance increases with your level to
-  an extent determined by your character's species, the creatures you will meet
-  deeper in the dungeon are better at casting spells, and are more likely to be
-  able to affect you. You can get a rough idea of your current MR by pressing
-  '@' or '%'.
-Stealth
-  High stealth allows your character to move through the dungeon undetected.
-  It is affected by your species, dexterity, Stealth skill, and the encumbrance
-  of your body armour. Your current Stealth level can also been seen by pressing
-  '@' or '%'.
-There are many ailments or enchantments that can temporarily befall you. These
-are noted in the stats area below the experience line. Many of them are
-self-explanatory, like Pois or Hungry. Many others, however, can be subtle, and
-a full list with explanations is given in Appendix `5. List of Enchantments`_.
-Monsters within your field of vision are listed on a special panel, the monster
-list. Single monsters also get indicators of their health status in the form of
-a coloured box, and also on effects they enjoy or suffer from. Within target
-mode you can directly target single monsters by use of the monster list. Use
-'Ctrl-L' to toggle this.
-Sometimes characters will be able to use special abilities, e.g. the Naga's
-ability to spit poison or the magical power to turn invisible granted by a ring.
-These are accessed through the 'a' command.
-****************************************
-D. Exploring the dungeon
-****************************************
-Movement
-========================================
-You can make your character walk around with the numeric keypad (try both
-Numlock on and off) or the "Rogue" keys (hjklyubn). If this is too slow, you can
-make your character walk repeatedly by pressing Shift and a direction;
-alternatively, press '/' followed by a direction. You will walk in that
-direction until any of a number of things happen: a hostile monster is visible
-on the screen, a message is sent to the message window for any reason, you press
-a key, or you are about to step on anything other than normal floor and it is
-not your first move of the long walk. Note that this is functionally equivalent
-to just pressing the direction key several times.
-Another convenient method for moving long distances is described in the section
-on Automated Travel and Exploration below.
-Resting
-========================================
-If you press '5', you rest for 100 turns or until your hit points or magic
-return to full, whichever is sooner. You can rest for just one turn by pressing
-'.' or 's'.
-Resting stops if a monster appears or if you are otherwise interrupted.
-Examining your surroundings
-========================================
-The section of the viewing window which is coloured (with the "@" representing
-you at the centre) is what you can see around you. The dark grey around it is
-the parts of the level which you have visited, but cannot currently see. The 'x'
-command lets you move the cursor around to get a description of the various
-dungeon features, and typing 'v' when the cursor is over a monster or feature
-brings up a short description of that monster, as well as a short list of its
-various strengths, weaknesses, immunities, and any spells or abilities it has.
-This is generally useful with monsters you've never encountered before. You can
-get a map of the whole level (which shows where you've already been) by typing 'X'.
-You can see the full set of commands available while looking around by pressing
-'?', both in the 'x' and 'X' modes.
-Staircases and Portals
-========================================
-You can make your way between levels by using staircases, which appear as ">"
-(down) and "<" (up), by pressing the '>' or '<' keys. It is important to know
-that most monsters adjacent to you will follow when you change levels; this
-holds both for hostile and allied monsters. Notable exceptions are zombies (and
-other mindless undead, who are too stupid to properly operate stairs) and ghosts
-(who feel they belong to their level).
-If you ascend an up staircase on level one, you will leave the dungeon forever;
-if you are carrying the magical Orb of Zot, you win the game by doing this.
-Otherwise, the game ends, and you lose.
-Besides the dungeon you start in, Crawl's dungeon has many branches. All of them
-are themed and host opponents of some special sort. It is not mandatory to visit
-any particular branch, but you must explore some of them: progress to the Realms
-of Zot (where the Orb is located) is only possible for adventurers who have at
-least three magical runes of Zot. The bottoms of several branches contain such
-runes.
-Occasionally you will find an archway (displayed as "\\" or as an actual arch);
-these lead to special places like shops, a mythical labyrinth, or Hell. You can
-enter it by typing '<' or '>'. A few portals only accept one of '<' and '>'.
-Doors and Traps
-========================================
-Doors can usually be opened by just walking into them (there is an option for
-disabling this); else this can also be done using the 'O' command. They can be
-closed with the 'C' command. Pressing Ctrl plus a direction, or '*' followed by
-a direction, will open/close doors, too.
-If there is no door in the indicated space, both Ctrl-direction and
-'*'-direction will attempt to attack any monster which may be standing there
-(this is the only way to attack a friendly creature hand-to-hand). If there is
-apparently nothing there, you will still attack it, just in case there's
-something invisible lurking around.
-A variety of dangerous and irritating traps are hidden around the dungeon. Traps
-sometimes like normal floor until discovered. Some traps can be disarmed with
-the Ctrl-direction commands.
-Shops
-========================================
-When you visit a shop, you are shown what the shopkeeper has in stock and can
-choose what to buy. Unfortunately, the shopkeepers all have an exclusive deal
-with the Guild of Dungeon Procurers which prevents them using non-guild labour
-to obtain stock, so you can't sell anything in a shop. (But then, what
-shopkeeper would buy stolen goods from a disreputable adventurer, anyway?)
-To purchase one or more items, select them by pressing the letters of the item
-in the shop menu and then press Enter to make the purchase; you can examine
-stuff before you buy it by pressing '!' and then the letter of the item.
-If you've lost track of the shops in the dungeon, you can get a list of all the
-shops you've found in the dungeon overview (use 'Ctrl-O').
-You can also use the stash search: Hitting 'Ctrl-F' and searching for "shop"
-will list all stores. The stash-search menu allows you travel quickly to a
-particular shop; if you just want to know what's in the shop, you can also
-examine the shop's inventory from the search menu without having to travel all
-the way to the shop.
-Some shops are antique stores that sell items of unknown provenance, usually at
-a good discount. The dungeon overview screen displays these with yellow glyphs.
-If you're short on gold for some particularly interesting commodity, you can
-place it onto your shopping list. The game will interrupt you when you have
-collected enough gold to finally purchase an item on that list. You can read the
-shopping list in the game with '$'.
-Automated Travel and Exploration
-========================================
-Crawl has an extensive automated travel system: pressing 'G' (or also 'Ctrl-G')
-lets you choose any dungeon level; the game will then take the shortest path to
-reach this destination. You can also use autotravel on the level map ('X'): Move
-the cursor to the place where you want to go and hit Enter. There are several
-shortcuts when choosing destinations: For example, try '<' and '>' to quickly
-reach the staircases.
-When your autotravel gets interrupted, Crawl will remember the previous
-destination. Hitting 'G' or 'Ctrl-G' again and following with Enter puts the
-cursor on that square. See Appendix `4. List of Keys and Commands`_ for all
-commands and shortcuts in level-map mode, or press 'G?' or 'X?' within the game.
-Another use of autotravel is exploration: 'o' makes your character move to the
-nearest unexplored area. Note that this algorithm does not attempt any
-optimisation by default. By manual exploration you can save turns, but auto-explore
-will usually save real time.
-Stashes and Searching
-========================================
-Since you can only carry 52 items, you will occasionally want to stash things
-away (by dropping them with the 'd' command). When you want to search for
-something in your stashes, you can do this with the Find command 'Ctrl-F'. The
-parser even accepts regular expressions, although you will mostly just need
-strings like 'mutation', 'heal wounds', etc. You will be presented with a list
-of all places where objects matching the search are (or have been) located; you
-can then travel there or examine the pile. The Find command will also search in
-shop inventories. Furthermore, you can search skills like 'long blades' (this
-will find all weapons training the long blades skill) or general terms like
-'shop', 'altar', 'portal', 'artefact', 'teleport trap', etc. You can get help on
-finding by pressing '?' at the prompt.
-The Goal
-========================================
-Your goal is to locate the Orb of Zot, which is held somewhere deep beneath the
-world's surface. The Orb is an ancient and incredibly powerful artefact, and the
-legends promise great things for anyone brave enough to extract it from the
-fearsome Dungeon. Some say it will grant immortality or even godhood to the one
-who carries it into the sunlight; many undead creatures seek it in the hope that
-it will restore them to life. But then, some people will believe anything. Good
-luck!
-Further Help
-========================================
-To access Crawl's help menu, press '?'. To get the list of all commands, press
-'?' again. A different, more verbose description of the commands also appears in
-Appendix `4. List of Keys and Commands`_ of this text. Various other help texts
-are available as well, including this manual. You can also read the logbook from
-there by pressing ':'. Note that several commands have their own help screens,
-among them are targeting ('f'), level map ('X'), travel ('G' or 'Ctrl-G') and
-searching ('Ctrl-F'); again, press '?' when asked for input.
-If you don't like the standard keyset (either because some keys do not work
-properly, or because you want to decrease the amount of typing necessary), you
-can use keymaps and macros. See macros_guide.txt in the docs/ directory, or read
-it from the in-game help menu.
-****************************************
-E. Experience and skills
-****************************************
-When you kill monsters, you gain experience points (XP). You receive less XP
-when friendly creatures took part in killing the monster. When you get enough
-XP, you gain an experience level, making your character more powerful. As they
-gain levels, characters gain more hit points, magic points, and spell levels.
-Additionally, the experience you gain is used to train your skills. These skills
-represent proficiency with all areas of endeavour an ambitious adventurer might
-need in the dungeons. They range from different weapon skills (both for close
-and ranged combat) to many magical skills and several additional activities like
-Dodging or Stealth. See Appendix `3. List of Skills`_ for a detailed
-description of all skills present in Crawl. The ease with which a character
-learns a skill depends solely on species. These aptitudes are hinted at in the
-list of species (see Appendix `1. List of Character Species`_). For the curious,
-the full table can be checked in aptitudes.txt (also from the help screen during
-play via '?%'), though it is not necessary to bother with the numbers in order
-to win!
-You can see your character's skills by pressing the 'm' key; the higher the
-level of a skill, the better you are at it. All characters start with a few
-skills already trained (which depends essentially on their background), those
-which are not present have to be learned from scratch. Each skill can go up to 27.
-The skill screen allows you to change which skills are exercised and at what
-speed. Note to new players: it is generally not necessary to finetune the skill
-selection.
-If you want to modify skill selection, here is how:
-There are two ways to assigning skills to practise: one is an automatic mode,
-which puts experience points into the skills you have used recently. The other
-one is a manual mode, where you specifically select the skills to train. You can
-switch between the modes by pressing '/' in the character skill screen ('m');
-also be sure to read that screen's help text should you want to tweak your
-skillset.
-You can elect to either not practise a particular skill or to focus on it by
-selecting it once or twice in the skill screen.
-Dark grey skills will not be trained, so that the skill will remain static and
-no experience points will be used to increase it. As a consequence, more
-experience will be spent on your other skills (and thus they will increase more
-quickly). Note that you cannot deselect all skills; at least one skill must be
-actively exercised.
-Highlighted skills are focused on and will use a higher proportion of available
-experience. You can highlight as many skills as you like, though obviously if
-all skills being trained are highlighted there will be no net effect.
-Occasionally you may find a manual of a skill which allows you to make quick
-progress in this area. When you are carrying it, experience used to practise the
-given skill will have twice the usual effect for a while.
-****************************************
-F. Monsters
-****************************************
-In the caverns of Crawl, you will find a great variety of creatures, most of
-which are displayed by capital or small letters of the alphabet. Many of them
-would very much like to eat you. To stop them from doing this, you will
-generally need to fight them. To attack a monster, stand next to it and move in
-its direction; this makes you attack it with your wielded weapon. Of course,
-some monsters are just too nasty to beat, and you will find that discretion is
-often the better part of valour. Sneaky characters are known to choose
-encounters to their liking.
-There are several other less dangerous methods you can use to kill monsters.
-Hunters and similarly oriented characters will prefer ranged combat to mindless
-bashing. When wielding some launcher, the 'f' and 'F' commands will fire
-appropriate missiles. See the section on Targeting in the Items Chapter for
-more on this. Likewise, many magicians will prefer to use spells from a safe
-distance. They can use the 'z' command to cast spells previously memorised.
-Again, see the Targeting section.
-Some monsters can be friendly; friendly monsters will follow you around and
-fight on your behalf (but they gain some of the normal experience points for any
-kills they make, so you get less). You can command your allies using the 't'
-key, which lets you shout to attract them or tell them who to attack, or else
-tell them to stay where they are or to follow you again. You can also shout to
-get the attention of all monsters in range if, for some reason, you want to do
-that.
-Some special monsters are Uniques. You can identify a unique because he or she
-will have a name and personality. Many of these come up with very nasty ideas
-how to rid the dungeon of you. Treat them very carefully, particularly if you
-meet one of them for the first time.
-Other, even rarer, obstacles are statues. A variety of statues can appear,
-ranging from harmless granite ones (who still often signify something of
-interest) to really dreadful ones. Be alert whenever seeing such a statue.
-When playing Crawl, you will undoubtedly want to develop a feeling for the
-different monster types. For example, some monsters leave edible corpses and
-others do not. Likewise, ranged or magic attackers will prove a different
-kind of threat from melee fighters. Learn from past deaths and remember which
-monsters pose the most problems. If particular monsters are giving you
-trouble, try to alter your tactics for future encounters.
-You can obtain information about a monster by using the 'x' (examine) command,
-moving the cursor over the monster in question, and pressing 'v' to view the
-monster's details; or by searching for a monster by name or symbol with '?/m'.
-The details screen shows:
-- The monster's name and description.
-- Bars indicating its:
-  * AC: armour class; how well it ignores most damage
-  * EV: evasion; how well it avoids being hit
-  * MR: magic resistance; how well it resists most Hexes and similar
-    enchantments.
-- Its difficulty level, speed (if different from average speed), size,
-  resistances, and special attacks.
-- Its spells and special abilities.  Monster spells and abilities are
-  of five types:
-  * Special abilities are innate, non-magical effects.
-  * Magical abilities are innate magical effects.  They are affected
-    by antimagic.
-  * Demonic abilities are similar to magical abilities.
-  * Divine abilities call upon the monster's god for a magical effect.
-    They are prevented by silence, but not affected by antimagic.
-  * Spells are cast using memorized magical words.  They are both
-    prevented by silence and affected by antimagic.
-****************************************
-G. Items
-****************************************
-In the dungeons of Crawl there are many different kinds of normal and magical
-items to be found and used. Some of them are useful, some are nasty, and
-some give great power, but at a price. Some items are unique; these have
-interesting properties which can make your life rather bizarre for a while. They
-all fall into several classes of items, each of which is used in a different
-way. Here is a general list of what you might find in the course of your
-adventures, how they are displayed, and what commands there are to use them:
-=======  =============  ================================================
-)        weapons        (use 'w'ield)
-(        missiles       (use 'f'ire)
-[        armour         (use 'W'ear and 'T'ake off)
-%        food           (use 'e'at; also 'c'hop up corpses)
-?        scrolls        (use 'r'ead)
-!        potions        (use 'q'uaff)
-/        wands          (use 'V' to evoke)
-=        rings          (use 'P'ut on and 'R'emove)
-"        amulets        (use 'P'ut on and 'R'emove)
-\\ or |  staves, rods   (use 'w'ield for staves; 'v' for evoking rods)
-\+ or :  spellbooks     (use 'r'ead and 'M'emorise and 'z'ap)
-}        miscellaneous  (use 'V' for evoking from the inventory)
-$        gold           (use 'g' to pick up)
-=======  =============  ================================================
-There are several general keys for item management:
-d
-  drop item; if you want to drop only some items from a stack (of arrows, for
-  example), then press 'd' followed by a number and then the item's slot key
-g
-  pick up item from the ground (also with the comma key ',')
-=
-  reassign item slot (works also for spell slots and abilities)
-i
-  shows inventory - pressing the key of an item shows additional information
-{
-  inscribe item (see Appendix `6. Inscriptions`_)
-\\
-  check list of already discovered items
-Item usage
-========================================
-You pick up items with the 'g'et or ',' (comma) command, and drop them with the
-'d'rop command. When you are given a prompt like "drop which item?", if you type
-a number before the letter of the item, you will drop that quantity of the item
-(similarly when picking up). The same works if you want to pick up only part of
-a stack and there are several types of items on the square (so that they are
-shown in a list). When there is only a single stack of arrows and you want to
-pick up only some of them, use the ';' command. Note that picking up items from
-one square takes exactly one turn. However, dropping several items at once takes
-more turns.
-Typing 'i' displays your inventory (what you are carrying). When you are given a
-prompt like "Throw [or Wield, Wear, etc] which item?", you usually get a list of
-all available options. You can press '*' in case you want to wield something
-unusual. When the inventory screen shows "-more-", to show you that there is
-another page of items, you can type the letter of the item you want, even if it
-is not visible, instead of pressing Space or Enter to see the next page.
-You can carry at most 52 items at once, and your item slot usage is printed at
-the top of the inventory screen.
-You can use the adjust command (the '=' key) to change the letters to which your
-possessions are assigned. This command can be used to change spell or ability
-letters, too.
-Some items can be sticky-cursed, in which case they weld themselves to your body
-when you use them. Such items usually carry some kind of disadvantage: a weapon
-or armour may be damaged or negatively enchanted, while rings can have all
-manner of unpleasant effects on you. If you are lucky, you might find magic
-which can rid you of these curses.
-Items like scrolls, potions, and some other types each have a characteristic,
-like a label or a colour, which will let you tell them apart on the basis of
-their function. However, these characteristics change between each game, so
-while in one game every potion of curing may be yellow, in another game they
-might all be purple and bubbly. Once you have discovered the function of such an
-item, you will remember it for the rest of the current game. You can access your
-item discoveries with the '\\' key.
-In order to get a description of what an item does, bring up the inventory (with
-'i') and press the letter of that item. Try this when comparing different types
-of armours and weapons, but don't expect too much information from examining
-unidentified items.
-Another useful command is the '{' key, which lets you inscribe items with a
-comment. You can also inscribe items when looking at your inventory with 'i',
-simply by pressing the letter of an item. For more details, and how to automate
-this process, check Appendix `6. Inscriptions`_.
-) Weapons
-========================================
-These are rather important. You will find a variety of weapons in the dungeon,
-ranging from small and quick daggers to huge, cumbersome battleaxes and
-polearms. Each type of weapon does a different amount of damage, has a different
-chance of hitting its target, and takes a different amount of time to swing.
-There are several weapon skills (press 'm' to show a list of those that you are
-training) like Short Blades, Long Blades, Axes, etc. These skills affect damage,
-accuracy, and speed (up to a point). The same goes for Unarmed Combat.
-Weapons can be enchanted; when you first wield or otherwise identify them,
-you reveal values which tell you how much more effective they are than an
-unenchanted version. Weapons which are not enchanted are simply '+0'. Some
-weapons also have special magical effects which make them very effective
-against vulnerable enemies.
-You can wield weapons with the 'w' command, which is a very quick action. If for
-some reason you want to go bare-handed, type 'w' followed by a hyphen ('-').
-Note that sometimes wielding non-weapons can be useful.
-The ' (apostrophe) key is a shortcut which automatically wields the item in slot
-a. If item a is being wielded, ' causes you to wield item b instead, if
-possible. Try assigning the letter a to your primary weapon, and b to your bow
-or something else you need to wield only sometimes. Note that this is just a
-typing shortcut and is not functionally different to wielding these items
-normally.
-( Missiles
-========================================
-If you would rather pick off monsters from a safe distance, you will need
-missiles for your sling, bow or other appropriate launcher. Several kinds of
-missiles, such as javelins, are effective when simply thrown; other kinds
-require you to wield an appropriate device to inflict worthwhile damage. Upon
-impact, missiles may become destroyed. The chance for this to occur depends on
-the type of missile.
-The 'f' command fires or throws a missile. The default missile to be fired or
-thrown (your "quiver") is displayed on the main screen beneath your wielded
-weapon. The quivered item will always be what Crawl thinks is most likely to be
-what you want. Thus it will either be an item you previously chose and fired
-(with 'f') or directly quivered (with 'Q'), or the item in your inventory that
-ranks highest in fire_order - if there are several of similar order, the one
-with the lowest inventory slot is chosen.
-See Appendix `6. Inscriptions`_ for inscriptions which let you fine-tune the
-list of items to choose from. See also the Missiles section of
-options_guide.txt.
-The firing interface also allows you to manually select an item to throw with
-'i'; but it may not be very effective if you lack the correct launcher.
-Use the '(', ')' to cycle through your quiver without firing, and 'Q' to choose
-the quivered item from a list. If you would like to choose something to fire
-without inserting it into the quiver use 'F' instead.
-The interface for shooting or throwing things is also used for evoking wands and
-casting certain spells, and is described in detail in section I (Targeting).
-[ Armour
-========================================
-This is also rather important. Most worn armour improves your Armour Class,
-which decreases the amount of damage you take from most types of injury. The
-heavier an armour is, the more AC (armour class) it will provide, at the expense
-of your EV (evasion) and stealth. Heavier types of armour also hamper your melee
-accuracy, making it harder for you to hit monsters. Wearing heavy armour also
-increases your chances of miscasting spells, an effect which is only slightly
-reduced by your Armour skill. These penalties are smaller if you have a high
-Armour skill, but larger if you have low Strength. On the other hand, body
-armour will also provide some guaranteed damage reduction against melee
-attacks, and heavier armours are better at this.
-A shield normally increases neither your AC nor your evasion, but it lets you
-attempt to block melee attacks and some ranged attacks aimed at you. Wearing a
-shield (especially larger shields) with insufficient Shields skill makes you
-less effective in hand combat and hampers your ability to cast spells. It also
-lowers your evasion if you do not have sufficient skill, and you obviously
-cannot wield a two-handed weapon while wearing a shield. Shields are most
-effective on the first attack on you each turn and become less useful on
-every one after that. There are three types: bucklers, shields, and large
-shields.
-Some magical armours have special powers. These powers are sometimes automatic,
-affecting you whenever you wear the armour, and sometimes must be activated with
-the 'a' command.
-You can wear armour with the 'W' command, and take it off with the 'T' command.
-With '[' you can have a quick look at your current gear.
-Most armours can be improved by reading the appropriate scroll. Body armour and
-bardings can be enchanted up to the base value of AC they provide. Shields can
-be enchanted up to +3, +5, or +8, depending on their size. Other gear is limited
-to +2.
-% Food and Carrion
-========================================
-Food is extremely important. You can find many different kinds of food in the
-dungeon. If you don't eat when you get hungry, you will eventually die of
-starvation. Fighting, carrying heavy loads, casting spells, and using some
-magical items will make you hungry. When you are starving, you fight less
-effectively as well. You can eat food with the 'e' command.
-You may wish to dine on the corpses of your casualties (unless you are a
-Spriggan, and cannot eat meat, or you are a Mummy, who need not, and cannot, eat
-at all). Despite the fact that corpses are represented by the same '%' sign as
-food, you can't eat them without first cutting off the more edible pieces with
-the 'c' command. Being hungry helps you choke down the raw flesh. Cutting off the
-best parts will take some turns and produce a number of 'chunks' eventually.
-These can be eaten with the 'e' command as above.
-Kobolds, Trolls and Ghouls are happy to eat raw meat at any time.
-Vampires are a special case. Members of this species can try to drink blood from
-a fresh corpse (use the 'e' command). Once they have reached experience level 6,
-they can also bottle potions of blood from corpses. This is done using the
-'a'bilities menu.
-? Magical Scrolls
-========================================
-Scrolls have many different magical spells inscribed on them, some good and some
-bad. One of the most useful scrolls is the scroll of identify, which will tell
-you the function of any item you have in your inventory; you might want to save
-these up for items that are dangerous or wasteful to use when unidentified, such
-as potions or other scrolls. You can read scrolls (and by doing so invoke their
-magic) with the 'r' command.
-! Magical Potions
-========================================
-While scrolls tend to affect your equipment or your environment, most potions
-affect your character in some way. The most common type is the simple curing
-potion, which restores some hit points and cures many ailments, but there are
-many other varieties of potions to be found. Potions can be quaffed (drunk) with
-the 'q' command. Try to avoid drinking poisonous potions!
-/ Wands
-========================================
-Sometimes you will be lucky enough to find a stick which contains stored magical
-energies. Wands each have a certain amount of charges, and a wand will cease to
-function when its charges run out. You must identify a wand to find out how many
-uses it has left. This can be done with a scroll of identify; characters with a
-good Evocations skill may also deduce the number of charges simply upon evoking
-the wand. Wands are aimed in the same way as missile weapons, and you can
-release the power of a wand by evoking it with 'V'. See section I for
-targeting. There are also a number of wands that may be useful to aim at
-yourself, but it is usually prudent to know what you are evoking before you do
-so.
-=" Rings and Amulets
-========================================
-Magical rings are among the most useful of the items you will find in the
-dungeon, but can also be some of the most hazardous. Use the 'P' command to
-put on rings, and 'R' to remove them. You can wear up to two rings
-simultaneously, one on each hand; which hand you put a ring on is immaterial
-to its function. If you try to put on a ring while both ring fingers are full,
-you will be asked which one to remove. Octopodes are an exception, and may
-wear up to eight rings on their tentacles. Some rings function automatically,
-while others require activation (the 'a' command).
-Amulets are similar to rings, but have different range of effects. Amulets are
-worn around the neck, and you can wear only one at a time.
-You can press '"' to quickly check what jewellery you're wearing.
-\| Staves
-========================================
-There are a number of types of magical staves. Some enhance your general
-spellcasting ability, while some greatly increase the power of a certain class
-of spells (and possibly reduce your effectiveness with others). They can even be
-used in hand-to-hand combat, although with mediocre effectiveness unless you can
-harness their special power, using a combination of the Evocations skill and the
-skill specific to the staff's type. Staves which do not enhance a destructive
-magic school tend to have no combat powers at all.
-\| Rods
-========================================
-Rods ('|') hold unique spells that you can evoke while wielding the rod,
-using the 'v' command. They have a pool of magical energy which regenerates
-according to the rod's enchantment (which can be increased using scrolls of
-recharging) and your Evocations skill. They're shorter than full-length staves
-and thus use the Maces & Flails skill instead of Staves when used as cudgels.
-: Books
-========================================
-Most books contain magical spells which your character may be able to learn. You
-can read a book with the 'r' command, which lets you access a description of
-each spell, or memorise spells from it with the 'M' command. Use 'z' to cast
-previously memorised spells. For spells demanding a target, the comments on
-using missile weapons apply. Many spells have a limited range and casting will
-be aborted if there are no potential targets within this range. If this case,
-neither magic nor time are expended. If, for whatever reason, you want to cast
-the spell nonetheless, you can use the 'Z' command.
-In addition to picking up new spells, your character may also wish to get rid of
-old ones. The most convenient way to do so is by reading a scroll of amnesia,
-which will let you pick a scroll to forget. However, should you happen to have a
-shortage of such scrolls, you can also forget a spell by tearing out the
-relevant pages of a book. Unfortunately, this violent procedure will inevitably
-consume the whole book. You can undertake this by 'r'eading a book, then
-selecting a spell you already have learnt, and 'F'orget it.
-You can also press 'I' to just have a look at all spells memorised. From this
-screen, you can read the descriptions of the spells and check various details
-about your casting abilities. Note that '=' allows you to change what spells are
-assigned to what keys.
-Some powerful spellbooks require a certain amount of magical skill to read their
-contents.
-Occasionally you will find manuals of some skill. Carrying these will cause your
-experience to have twice the effect as usual when used for training that skill.
-{ Miscellaneous
-========================================
-These are items which don't fall into any other category. They can be evoked
-with 'V', just like wands. Runes, a particular item in this category, have no
-function whatsoever except to open the endgame. You must collect at least three
-in order to enter the Realm of Zot. Some particularly cocky adventurers brag
-about having retrieved ten or even fifteen runes through their strength and
-cunning, but most scholars on the subject of Zot agree that such a thing is
-probably impossible in the first place, and secondly would be a meaningless
-achievement in any regard.
-$ Gold
-========================================
-Gold can be used to buy items should you run across shops. There are also a
-few more esoteric uses for gold.
-Artefacts
-========================================
-Weapons, armour, jewellery and spellbooks can be artefacts. These come in two
-flavours: randomly created artefacts ('randarts') and predefined ones
-('unrandarts'). Randarts will always carry unusual names, such as "golden
-bastard sword" or "shimmering scale mail". Artefacts cannot be modified in any
-way, including enchantments.
-Apart from that, otherwise mundane items can get one special property. These are
-called 'ego items', and examples are: boots of running, a weapon of flaming, a
-helmet of see invisible, and so on. Note that, unlike artefacts, such items can
-be modified by enchanting scrolls.
-All ego items are noted with special adjectives but not all items noted in this
-way need have a special property (they often have some positive or negative
-enchantment, though):
-:general: glowing, runed;
-:metal armours: shiny;
-:leather armours: dyed;
-:other armours: embroidered.
-****************************************
-H. Spellcasting
-****************************************
-Magical spells are a very important part of surviving in the dungeon. Every
-character can make use of magical spells.
-There are many skills related to magic, the principal one being Spellcasting.
-Spellcasting determines the number of Magic Points available; it also helps in
-several respects during the actual casting of spells. Next, there are several
-general magical skill areas (Conjuration, Hexes, Charms, Summoning, Necromancy,
-Translocation and Transmutation) as well as several elemental areas (Fire, Ice,
-Air and Earth) and, finally, Poison. A particular spell can belong to (and thus
-allow training of) up to three areas. Being good in the areas of a spell will
-improve the casting chance and, in many cases, the effect as well.
-Spells are stored in books, which you will occasionally find in the dungeon. You
-can read books with 'r' to check what spells they contain; doing so will allow
-you to read the individual spells' descriptions. In order to memorise a certain
-spell, use the 'M' command.
-Each spell has a level. A spell's level denotes the amount of skill required to
-use it and indicates how powerful it may be. You can only memorise a certain
-number of levels of spells; type 'M' to find out how many. When you gain
-experience levels or advance the Spellcasting skill, your maximum increases; you
-will need to save up for several levels to memorise the more powerful spells.
-When casting a spell, you temporarily expend some of your magical energy and
-become hungrier (although high intelligence and Spellcasting help against hunger
-from spells). Pressing 'II' (or 'I!') displays the relative hunger costs of your
-spells. The hunger cost is approximately proportional to the square of the
-number of # marks in this display.
-You activate a memorised spell by pressing 'z' (for Zap). Use 'I' to display a
-list of all memorised spells without actually casting one. The spells available
-are labelled with letters; you are free to change this labelling with the '='
-command. You can assign both lowercase and uppercase letters to spells. Some
-spells, for example most damage dealing ones, require a target. See the next
-section for details on how to target.
-Most spells have caps on their effects: no matter how intelligent and proficient
-you are, there is a limit to the damage you can achieve with a Magic Dart. In
-general, it is a good idea to look at the output of the 'I' and 'II' screens to
-get a picture on your casting abilities. This is especially useful if you're
-about to change armour or rings.
-High level spells are difficult to cast, and you may miscast them every once in
-a while (resulting in a waste of magic and possibly dangerous side-effects).
-Your chance of failing to cast a spell properly depends on your skills, your
-intelligence, the level of the spell and whether you are wearing heavy armour.
-The chance of miscasting a spell is displayed on the spell screen, and coloured
-based on potential severity (with yellow representing a moderate chance, and red
-representing a severe chance).
-Many of the more powerful spells carry disadvantages or risks; you should read
-the spell description (obtained by reading the spellbook in which you found the
-spell) before casting anything.
-There is a completely different way to use spells: via rods. These are magical
-staves holding their own unique spells. Rods store a certain number of magic
-points, which are used for powering the spells they contain; when not fully
-charged, they regenerate magic points gradually. You can spend scrolls of
-recharging on rods in order to increase the size of their magical reservoir.
-The effectiveness of your rod's spells is governed by your Evocations skill.
-Be careful of magic-using enemies! Some of them can use magic just as well as
-you, if not better, and often use it intelligently.
-****************************************
-I. Targeting
-****************************************
-When throwing something, evoking certain wands, or casting spells, you are asked
-for a direction. There are several ways to tell Crawl which monster to target.
-You can press '?' when asked for a direction; this will bring up a help screen.
-Otherwise, you use the following commands:
-- The cursor will target on the monster which is closest to your position.
-  Should you have been firing at something previously, with the offender still
-  being in sight, the cursor will instead rest on the previous target.
-- Pressing '+' or '=' moves the cursor to the next monster, going from nearer to
-  further away. Similarly, '-' cycles backwards.
-- Any direction key moves the cursor by one square. Occasionally, it can be
-  useful to target non-inhabited squares.
-- When you are content with your choice of target, press one key of Enter, Del,
-  or Space to fire at the target. If you press '.', you also fire, but the
-  spell/missile will stop at the target's square if it misses. This can be
-  useful to keep friendlies out of the fire, or to make sure your precious
-  missiles won't end up in deep water.
-- You can press Escape if you changed your mind - no turns are deducted.
-There are some shortcuts while targeting:
-- Typing Shift-direction on your keypad fires straight away in that direction.
-- Pressing 'p' or 'f' fires at the previous target (if it is still alive and in
-  sight). Due to this, most hunters can go a long way by pressing 'ff' to fire
-  their ammunition at a monster and then keep firing at it with further 'ff'
-  strokes. At times, it will be useful to switch targets with the '+' or '-'
-  commands, though.
-It is possible to target yourself: obviously beneficial effects like hasting or
-healing will actually target the cursor on you, leaving to you only the pressing
-of '.', Enter, etc. - except if you want to heal or haste someone else. If you
-target yourself while firing something harmful (which can be sensible at times),
-you will be asked for confirmation.
-Finally, the ':' key allows you to hide the path of your spell/wand/missile.
-****************************************
-J. Religion
-****************************************
-There are a number of gods, demons and other assorted powers who will accept
-your character's worship, and sometimes give out favours in exchange. You can
-use the '^' command to check the requirements of whoever it is that you worship,
-and if you find religion to be an inconvenience you can always renounce your
-faith (use the 'a' command - but most gods resent being scorned). There is also
-a second page with additional details, press '^!' to access it.
-The 'p' command lets you pray to your god, in order to sacrifice items. For
-example, blood gods will want you to offer corpses to them by pressing 'p' over
-the corpse(s). Praying also gives you a sense of what your god thinks of you.
-Some gods may grant a gift at their altar; if so, this is explained in the '^'
-and '^!' screens.
-To use any powers which your god deems you fit for, access the abilities menu
-via the 'a' command; god-given abilities are listed as invocations.
-Depending on background, some characters start out religious; others have to
-pray at an altar to dedicate themselves to a life of servitude. There are altars
-scattered all over the dungeon, and your character has heard rumours of a
-special temple somewhere near the surface. At an altar, you can read a
-description of that god's general attitude by pressing 'p'. You will be asked
-afterward if you really want to attend this circle. If you want to see a list of
-the standard gods and which of them is already present with an altar in your
-dungeon, press 'Ctrl-O'. You can also learn about standard and obscure gods by
-pressing '?/G'.
-Note that the good gods will not accept demonic or undead devotees.
-If you like to start the game with a religion, choose your background from
-Healer, Berserker, Chaos Knight, Abyssal Knight, or Death Knight.
-****************************************
-K. Mutations
-****************************************
-Although it would doubtless be a nice thing if you could remain genetically
-pure, there are too many toxic wastes and mutagenic radiations in the Dungeon
-for that to be possible. If your character is so affected by these that he or
-she undergoes physiological change, you can use the 'A' command to see how much
-of a freak they've become and the 'a' command to activate any mutations which
-can be controlled. Many mutations are actually beneficial to the characters, but
-there are plenty of nasty ones as well. Many mutations have three levels, each
-of which counts as a single mutation.
-You can also become mutated by overusing certain powerful enchantments,
-particularly Haste (not the kind you get from being berserk) and Invisibility,
-as your system absorbs too much magical energy - but you would have to spend
-quite a lot of your time hasted or invisible to be affected. However, some
-powerful items also radiate dangerous levels of magical energy. More often than
-not, the mutations caused by magical radiations express harmfully.
-Furthermore, certain corpses are mutagenic, and there are traps with mutation
-effects. There are also some spells and potions that cause mutations.
-It is much more difficult to get rid of bad mutations than to get one. A lucky
-mutation attempt can actually remove mutations. However, the only sure-fire way
-is to quaff a potion of cure mutation, which will attempt to remove one or more
-random mutations.
-Demonspawn are a special case. Characters of this species get certain special
-mutations as they gain levels; these are listed in cyan. They are permanent and
-can never be removed. If one of your Demonspawn powers has been augmented by a
-mutation, it is displayed in a lighter colour.
-Many a species starts with some special intrinsic feats, like the greater speed
-of Centaurs or Spriggans, or the eating habits of Trolls, Kobolds and others.
-These are often, but not always, like a preset mutation. In case such an innate
-feature gets amplified by an ordinary mutation, it is displayed in a light blue
-colour.
-Some mutations are only temporary and will dissipate after slaying more enemies.
-These are listed in purple on the list of mutations, and marked as temporary.
-****************************************
-L. Licence, contact, history
-****************************************
-Licence
-  See licence.txt for information about Crawl's licensing. Most of the game's
-  components are licensed under version 2 or later of the GNU General Public
-  License; those that aren't are under compatible licenses.
-Disclaimer
-  This software is provided as is, with absolutely no warranty express or
-  implied. Use of it is at the sole risk of the user. No liability is accepted
-  for any damage to the user or to any of the user's possessions.
-If you'd like to discuss Crawl, a good place to do so is the official forum:
-  https://crawl.develz.org/tavern
-All topics related to this game usually meet a warm response, including tales of
-victories (going under 'YAVP', i.e. 'Yet Another Victory Post'), especially
-first victories (YAFVP) as well as sad stories of deceased characters (being
-'YAAD' or 'YASD', i.e. 'Yet Another Annoying/Stupid Death').
-Many players, especially those on the online servers, also frequent ##crawl on
-the freenode IRC network. This IRC channel also contains many bots providing
-helpful information or statistics about the game.
-Stone Soup's homepage is at:
-  http://crawl.develz.org
-Use this page for direct links to downloads of the most recent version. You can
-also submit bug reports there at https://crawl.develz.org/mantis. Be sure to
-make sure that your bug isn't already in the list. Feature requests should be
-posted on the official forum or the development wiki on crawl.develz.org
-instead.
-The history of Crawl is somewhat convoluted: Crawl was created in 1995 by Linley
-Henzell. Linley based Crawl loosely on Angband and NetHack, but avoided several
-annoying aspects of these games, and added a lot of original ideas of his own.
-Crawl was a hit, and Linley produced Crawl versions up to 3.30 in March 1999.
-Further work was then carried out by a group of developers who released 3.40 in
-February 2000. Of them, Brent Ross emerged as the single maintainer, producing
-versions until 4.0 beta 26 in 2002. After a long period of silent work, he went
-a great step by releasing 4.1.2 alpha in August 2005. This alpha contained a lot
-of good ideas, but was nearly unplayable due to balance issues. In the meantime,
-several patchers appeared, improving Crawl's interface tremendously. Several of
-them formed a new devteam; reasoning that rebalancing 4.1.2 was a very difficult
-task, they decided to fork Crawl 4.0 beta 26 and selectively include good ideas
-from 4.1.2 and other sources. This fork is Stone Soup, and is the game this
-manual describes. Stone Soup's release versions were restarted at 0.1 to avoid
-confusion with the existing plethora of Crawl versions.
-It should be mentioned that there have been other Crawl variants over the years,
-among them Ax-Crawl, Tile Crawl and Dungeon Crawl Alternative.
-The object of your quest in Crawl (the Orb of Zot) was taken from Wizard's
-Castle, a text adventure written in BASIC.
-****************************************
-M. Macros, options, performance
-****************************************
-Crawl supports redefining keys via key maps. This is useful when your keyboard
-layout makes some key awkward to use. You can also define macros: these are
-command sequences which can make playing a great deal more convenient. Note that
-mapping 'a' to some other key will treat almost all pressings of 'a' in that new
-way (including dropping and wielding, etc.), so is not recommended. Macroing 'a'
-to some other key will only change the command key 'a'.
-You can set up key maps and macros in-game with the '~' key ('Ctrl-D' will also
-work); this also allows for saving all current key bindings and macros.
-Alternatively, you can directly edit the macro.txt file. For more information on
-both and for examples, see macros_guide.txt.
-Crawl supports a large number of options that allow for great flexibility in the
-interface. They are fully documented in the file options_guide.txt. The options
-themselves are set in the file ~/.crawlrc (for UNIX systems - copy over init.txt
-to ~/.crawlrc) or init.txt (for Windows).
-Several interface routines are outsourced to external Lua scripts. The standard
-distribution has them in the dat/clua/ directory. Have a look at the single
-scripts for short descriptions.
-Generally, Crawl should run swiftly on all machines (it compiles out of the box
-for Linux, Windows, and, to some lesser extent, OS X and other Unices). If, for
-some reason, you find Crawl runs unacceptably slowly on your machine, there are
-a few measures which may improve the situation:
-  - set travel_delay = -1 to avoid screen redraws during travel (this might be
-    especially useful if playing on a remote server)
-  - try playing in console mode rather than tiles
-****************************************
-N. Philosophy (pas de faq)
-****************************************
-In a nutshell: This game aims to be a tactical fantasy-themed dungeon crawl. We
-strive for strategy being a concern, too, and for exquisite gameplay and
-interface. However, don't expect plots or quests.
-You may ponder about the wisdom of certain design decisions of Crawl. This
-section tries to explain some of them. It could also be of interest if you are
-used to other roguelikes and want a bit of background on the differences. Prime
-mainstays of Crawl development are the following, most of which are explained in
-more detail below. Note that many of these date back to Linley's first versions.
-Major design goals
-  * challenging and random gameplay, with skill making a real difference
-  * meaningful decisions (no no-brainers)
-  * avoidance of grinding (no scumming)
-  * gameplay supporting painless interface and newbie support
-Minor design goals
-  * clarity (playability without need for spoilers)
-  * internal consistency
-  * replayability (using branches, species, playing styles and gods)
-  * proper use of out of depth monsters
-Balance
-========================================
-The notions of balance, or being imbalanced, are extremely vague. Here is our
-definition: Crawl is designed to be a challenging game, and is also renowned for
-its randomness. However, this does not mean that wins are an arbitrary matter of
-luck: the skill of players will have the largest impact. So, yes, there may be
-situations where you are doomed - no action could have saved your life. But
-then, from the midgame on, most deaths are not of this type: By this stage,
-almost all casualties can be traced back to actual mistakes; if not tactical
-ones, then of a strategical type, like wrong skilling (too broad or too narrow),
-unwise use of resources (too conservative or too liberal), or wrong decisions
-about branch/god/gear.
-The possibility of unavoidable deaths is a larger topic in computer games.
-Ideally, a game like this would be really challenging and have both random
-layout and random course of action, yet still be winnable with perfect play.
-This goal seems out of reach. Thus, computer games can be soft in the sense that
-optimal play ensures a win. Apart from puzzles, though, this means that the game
-is solved from the outset; this is where the lack of a human game-master is
-obvious. Alternatively, they can be hard in the sense that unavoidable deaths
-can occur. We feel that the latter choice provides much more fun in the long
-run.
-Crawl has a huge number of handmade vaults/maps to tweak the randomness. While
-the placement, and often parts of the contents, of such vaults are random as
-well, they provide several advantages: vaults offer challenges that are very
-hard to get via just random monster and layout generation; they may centre on
-some theme, providing additional immersion; finally, they will often contain
-some loot, forcing players to decide between safety and greed.
-(The next topic can also be filed under balance; see Replayability for what
-balance does not mean to us.)
-Crusade against no-brainers
-========================================
-A very important point in Crawl is steering away from no-brainers. Speaking
-about games in general, wherever there's a no-brainer, that means the
-development team put a lot of effort into providing a "choice" that's really not
-an interesting choice at all. And that's a horrible lost opportunity for fun.
-Examples for this are the resistances: there are very few permanent sources,
-most involve a choice (like rings or specific armour) or are only semi-permanent
-(like mutations). Another example is the absence of clear-cut best items, which
-comes from the fact that most artefacts are randomly generated. Furthermore,
-even non-random artefacts cannot be wished for, as scrolls of acquirement
-produce random items in general. Likewise, there are no sure-fire means of life
-saving (the closest equivalents are controlled blinks, and good religious
-standings for some deities).
-Anti-grinding
-========================================
-Another basic design principle is avoidance of grinding (also known as
-scumming). These are activities that have low risk, take a lot of time, and
-bring some reward. This is bad for a game's design because it encourages players
-to bore themselves. Even worse, it may be optimal to do so. We try to avoid
-this!
-This explains why shops don't buy: otherwise players would hoover the dungeon
-for items to sell. Another instance: there's no infinite commodity available:
-food, monster and item generation is generally not enough to support infinite
-play. Not messing with lighting also falls into this category: there might be a
-benefit to mood when players have to carry candles/torches, but we don't see any
-gameplay benefit as yet. The deep tactical gameplay Crawl aims for necessitates
-permanent dungeon levels. Many a time characters have to choose between
-descending or battling. While caution is a virtue in Crawl, as it is in many
-other roguelikes, there are strong forces driving characters deeper.
-Interface
-========================================
-The interface is radically designed to make gameplay easy - this sounds trivial,
-but we mean it. All tedious, but necessary, chores should be automated. Examples
-are long-distance travel, exploration and taking notes. Also, we try to cater
-for different preferences: both ASCII and tiles are supported; as are vi-keys
-and numpad. Documentation is plenty, context-specific and always available
-in-game. Finally, we ease getting started via tutorials.
-Clarity
-========================================
-Things ought to work in an intuitive way. Crawl definitely is winnable without
-spoiler access. Concerning important but hidden details (i.e. facts subject to
-spoilers) our policy is this: the joy of discovering something spoily is nice,
-once. (And disappears before it can start if you feel you need to read spoilers
-- a legitimate feeling.) The joy of dealing with ever-changing, unexpected and
-challenging strategic and tactical situations that arise out of transparent
-rules, on the other hand, is nice again and again. That said, we believe that
-qualitative feedback is often better than precise numbers.
-In concrete terms, we either spell out a gameplay mechanic explicitly (either in
-the manual, or by in-game feedback) or leave it to min-maxers if we feel that
-the naive approach is good enough.
-Consistency
-========================================
-While there is no plot to speak of, the game should still be set in a consistent
-Crawl universe. For example, names of artefacts should fit the mood, vaults
-should be sensibly placed and monsters should somehow fit as well. Essentially,
-this is about player immersion. As such, it's good to have in mind, but
-consistency is always secondary to gameplay. A typical example is player vs.
-monster behaviour: while we try to make these identical (or similar), there are
-good reasons for keeping them distinct in certain cases.
-Replayability
-========================================
-This is actually quite important, but in some sense just a corollary to the
-major design goals. Besides these, there are several other points helping to
-make playing Crawl fun over and over again:
-Diversity
-  whenever there are choices to the player, be that choice of species, god,
-  weapon or spell, the various options should be genuinely different. It is no
-  good to provide dozens of weapons with different names (and perhaps even
-  numbers) if, in the end, they all play the same.
-Many different species
-  This is partly due to the skills and aptitude system. Similarly important are
-  the built-in starting bonuses/handicaps of species; these often have great
-  impact on play. To us, balance does not mean that all combinations of
-  background and species play equally well! Some are much more challenging than
-  others, and this is fine with us. Each species has at least some backgrounds
-  playing rather well, though.
-Dungeon layout
-  Even veteran players will find the Tomb or the Hells exciting (which are
-  designed such that life endangering situations can always pop up). These and
-  other branches may or may not fit a given character's buildup. By the way, we
-  strongly believe that games are pointless if you can reach the invincible
-  state.
-Religion
-  This addresses new players, as getting to the Temple and choosing a god
-  becomes the first major task of most games. But religion is also a point in
-  favour of replayability for experienced players, since the choice of god can
-  matter as much as species does.
-Playing styles
-  Related to, but encompassing, species, background, god are fundamentally
-  different playing styles like melee oriented fighter, stabber, etc. Deciding
-  on whether (and when!) to make a transition of style can make or break games.
-Out of the depths
-========================================
-From time to time a discussion about Crawl's unfair OOD (out of depth) monsters
-turns up, like a dragon on the second dungeon level. These are not bugs!
-Actually, they are part of the randomness design goal. In this case, they also
-serve as additional motivation: in many situations, the OOD monster can be
-survived somehow, and the mental bond with the character will then surely grow.
-OOD monsters also help to keep players on their toes by making shallow, or
-cleared, levels still not trivial. In a similar vein, early trips to the Abyss
-are not deficits: there's more than one way out, and successfully escaping is
-exciting for anyone.
-########################################
-Appendices
-########################################
-****************************************
-. List of character species
-****************************************
-.. note:: Use 'A' to check for which particular peculiarities a species might
-          have. Also, some species have special abilities which can be accessed
-          by the 'a' abilities menu. Some also have physical characteristics
-          which allow them to make extra attacks.
-Humans
-  Humans tend to be hardworking and industrious, and learn new things quickly.
-  The Human species is the most versatile of all the species available to
-  players. Humans advance quickly in levels and have equal abilities in most
-  skills.
-Hill Orcs
-  Hill Orcs are Orcs from the upper world who, jealous of the riches which their
-  cousins (the Cave Orcs) possess below the ground, descend in search of plunder
-  and adventure.
-  Hill Orcs are as robust as the Minotaurs, yet they have human-like reserves of
-  magical energy. Their forte is brute-force fighting, and they are skilled at
-  using most hand weapons (particularly axes, with which they are experts),
-  though they are not particularly good at using missile weapons. Hill Orcs are
-  passable users of most types of magic and are particularly skilled with Fire.
-  Many Orcs feel superior to all other species and beings, and they have formed
-  a religion around that idea. Only Orcs can worship Beogh, the Orc god. They
-  can join Beogh whenever an orc priest is in sight.
-Merfolk
-  The Merfolk are a hybrid species of half-human, half-fish that typically live
-  in the oceans and rivers, seldom venturing toward land. However, Merfolk
-  aren't as limited on land as some myths suggest; their tails will quickly
-  reform into legs once they leave the water (and, likewise, their legs will
-  quickly reform into a tail should they ever enter water). Their agility is
-  often misjudged, and they tend to be surprisingly nimble on land as well as in
-  the water. Experts at swimming, they need not fear drowning and move very
-  quickly through water.
-  The Merfolk have developed their martial arts strongly on thrusting and
-  grappling, since those are the most efficient ways to fight underwater. They
-  therefore prefer polearms and short swords above all other weapons, though
-  they can also use longer swords quite well.
-  As spellcasters, they tend to be quite good in specific areas. Their mystical
-  relationship with water makes it easier for them to use poison and ice magic,
-  which use water occasionally as a material component. The legendary water
-  magic of the Merfolk was lost in ancient times, but some of that affinity
-  still remains. The instability of their own morphogenic matrix has made them
-  very accomplished transmuters, but most other magic seems foreign to them.
-Halflings
-  Halflings, who are named for being about half the size of Humans, live in
-  small villages. They live simple lives and have simple interests. Sometimes a
-  particularly restless Halfling will leave his or her village in search of
-  adventure.
-  Halflings are very small but surprisingly hardy for their size, even having an
-  innate resistance to mutagenic effects. They can use short blades and shields
-  very well, are passable with long blades, and excel in ranged combat with
-  slings. They are also very stealthy and dextrous, but are poor at magic
-  (except for charms, translocations, and air magic). They advance in levels as
-  rapidly as Humans. Halflings cannot wield large weapons.
-Kobolds
-  Kobolds are small, ugly creatures with few redeeming features. They are not
-  the sort of people you would want to spend much time with, unless you happened
-  to be a Kobold yourself.
-  They tend to be stronger and less agile than Halflings, and are slightly more
-  talented at using most types of magic, particularly necromancy. They are
-  competent in combat, especially with short blades, maces or crossbows, and are
-  also very adept at using magical devices. They often live as scavengers,
-  surviving on carrion (which they can eat even when not hungry), but are
-  carnivorous and can only eat meat. Kobolds advance in levels as quickly as
-  Humans. Like Halflings, Kobolds cannot wield large weapons.
-Spriggans
-  Spriggans are small magical creatures distantly related to Elves. They love to
-  frolic and cast mischievous spells.
-  They are poor fighters and have little physical resilience, though they are
-  incredibly skilled at dodging attacks. They are terrible at destructive
-  magic - conjurations, summonings, necromancy and elemental spells. On the
-  other hand, they are excellent at other forms of magic, and are very good at
-  moving silently and quickly. So great is their speed that a Spriggan can
-  overtake a Centaur. Due to their tiny size, they need very little food.
-  However, they are herbivorous and cannot eat meat. Their size also makes them
-  unable to wear most armour. They cannot wield large weapons, and even most
-  smaller weapons require both hands to be wielded by a Spriggan.
-Nagas
-  Nagas are a hybrid species: Human from the waist up with a large snake tail
-  instead of legs.
-  They are reasonably good at most things and advance in experience levels at
-  the same rate as Merfolk. They are naturally resistant to poisons, can see
-  invisible creatures, and have tough skin, but their tails are relatively slow
-  and cannot move them around as quickly as can other creatures' legs (this only
-  affects their movement rate; all other actions are at normal speed). Their
-  body shape also prevents them from gaining full protection from most armour. A
-  Naga's biggest forte is stealth: Nagas are very good at moving unnoticed.
-  Their tails eventually grow strong enough to constrict their foes in combat.
-  Nagas can spit poison; the range, accuracy and damage of this poison increases
-  with the Naga's experience level.
-Centaurs
-  The Centaurs are another species of hybrid creatures: horses with Human
-  torsos. They usually live in forests, surviving by hunting.
-  Centaurs can move very quickly on their four legs, and are excellent with bows
-  and other missile weapons; they are also reasonable at fighting in general
-  while being slow learners at specific weapon skills. They advance quite slowly
-  in experience levels and are rather sub-average at using magic. Due to their
-  large bulk, they need a little extra food to survive. Like Nagas, they receive
-  inferior protection from the armour they wear.
-Ogres
-  Ogres are huge, chunky creatures who typically are strong rather than smart,
-  and not nimble at all. Their size also makes them hunger more than smaller
-  folk. Ogres mature almost as quickly as Humans.
-  Their preferred methods of avoiding beatings are dodging and the use of
-  shields. Many Ogres find it natural to wield some large and blunt weapon.
-  (Countless lethal incidents have taught them to leave most edged weapons be.)
-  While all sophisticated forms of missile combat are too awkward for them, they
-  are good at throwing things, in particular boulders.
-  Contrary to expectations, Ogres are not reduced to mindless brutes. They
-  possess a raw talent for witchcraft, letting them pick up the basics of
-  spellcasting at an amazing speed. However, the more arcane schools of magic
-  are foreign to them and are only learned at poor rates.
-Trolls
-  Trolls are like Ogres, but even nastier. They have thick, knobbly skins of any
-  colour from putrid green to mucky brown, which are covered in patches of thick
-  fur, and their mouths are full of ichor-dripping fangs.
-  They can rip creatures apart with their claws, and regenerate very quickly
-  from even the most terrible wounds. They learn slowly indeed - as slowly as
-  High Elves - and need a great amount of food to survive.
-Minotaurs
-  The Minotaurs are yet another species of hybrids - Human bodies with bovine
-  heads. They delve into the Dungeon because of their instinctive love of
-  twisting passageways.
-  Minotaurs are extremely good at all forms of physical combat, but are awful at
-  using any type of magic. They can wear all armour except for some headgear.
-  When in close combat, Minotaurs tend to reflexively headbutt those who dare
-  attack them.
-Tengu
-  The Tengu are an ancient and feared species of bird-people with a legendary
-  propensity for violence. Basically humanoid with bird-like heads and clawed
-  feet, the Tengu can wear all types of armour except helmets and boots. Despite
-  their lack of wings, powerful Tengu can fly magically, and very powerful
-  members of this species can stay in the air indefinitely. Their movement speed
-  and evasion are increased slightly while flying.
-  They are experts at all forms of fighting, including the magical arts of
-  combat (conjurations, summonings and, to a lesser extent, necromancy). They
-  are good at air and fire elemental magic, but poor at ice and earth magic.
-  Tengu do not appreciate any form of servitude, and so are poor at using
-  invocations. Their light avian bodies cannot sustain a great deal of injury.
-Demigods
-  Demigods are mortals with some divine or angelic ancestry, however distant;
-  they can be created by a number of processes, including magical experiments
-  and the time-honoured practice of interplanar miscegenation.
-  Demigods look more or less like members of their mortal part's species, but
-  have excellent attributes (Str, Int, Dex) and are extremely robust; they can
-  also draw on great supplies of magical energy. On the downside, they advance
-  more slowly in experience than any other race, gain skills slightly less
-  quickly than Humans and, due to their status, cannot worship the various gods
-  and powers available to other classes of being.
-Demonspawn
-  Demonspawn are horrible half-mortal, half-infernal creatures - the flip side
-  of the Demigods. Demonspawn can be created in any number of ways: magical
-  experiments, breeding, unholy pacts, etc. Although many Demonspawn may
-  initially be indistinguishable from those of pure mortal stock, they will
-  inevitably grow horns, scales or other unusual features. Powerful members of
-  this class of beings also develop a range of unholy abilities, which are
-  listed as mutations.
-  Demonspawn advance slowly in experience and learn most skills at about the
-  same rate as do Demigods. However, they are a little better at fighting
-  and conjurations and much better at necromancy and invocations. Note that
-  unlike Demigods, they can take on gods, although not all will accept them.
-Deep Dwarves
-  Deep Dwarves are short, hardy people who, unlike their extinct surface
-  relatives, never left the underground homelands. Living there for countless
-  generations made them turn pale and lose all ability to regenerate on their
-  own (nor are they receptive to any effects which merely hasten regeneration),
-  as well as all ability to recover from losses to their primary attributes over
-  time. On the other hand, Deep Dwarves have developed the ability to instantly
-  counteract small doses of damage. Their empathy with the earth makes them
-  sense their surroundings; this ability increases in power as they gain
-  experience levels.
-  Given their lack of innate healing, few Deep Dwarves venture out for
-  adventures or even combat. Those who do bring a wand of heal wounds, or rely
-  on divine assistance.
-  Naturally, Deep Dwarves are quite adept with all arts of avoiding blows and
-  damage. Offensively, they are skilled users of axes, crossbows, and slings.
-  Deep Dwarves are highly spiritual beings, often portrayed as actual spirits
-  by outsiders; because of this, their skill with invocations is great. They
-  are most at home with the magic of earth and death, eventually gaining some
-  resistance to the dark powers of necromancy.
-  Deep Dwarves can tinker with wands so as to recharge them. However, each time
-  they do so, they lose a bit of their magical essence.
-Felids
-  Felids are a breed of cats that have been granted sentience. Originally they
-  were witches' familiars that were magically augmented to provide help for
-  their masters' rituals, yet many have abandoned, outlived, or, in at least one
-  case, eviscerated their former masters and gone out into the world.
-  While fully capable of using speech and most forms of magic, Felids are at a
-  serious disadvantage due to their inability to use armour or weapons. Like all
-  cats, Felids are incapable of thriving on vegetable food, and need meat to
-  survive.
-  Their agility and stealth are legendary, as is their ability to get to hard to
-  reach places. They move faster than most races, but don't run as fast as
-  Centaurs or Spriggans. Felids advance in levels very slowly. They are skilled
-  with many forms of magic, though less so with raw elemental magic.
-  Felids gain extra lives as they increase in levels. Upon death, they will be
-  resurrected in a safe place, losing an experience level in the process.
-Octopodes
-  These land-capable relatives of common octopuses can move about as fast as
-  humans and yet retain the ability to swim underwater, although their dual
-  adaptation is not as good as that of the shapechanging merfolk.
-  Octopodes have eight tentacle-shaped legs, and need four of them to move.
-  While a tentacle lacks fingers, two tentacles are a rough equivalent of a
-  human's arm where item manipulation is concerned - including wielding
-  two-handed weapons with four. They can use no armour other than loose hats,
-  but can handle shields just fine. Another peculiarity they have is the ability
-  to wear eight rings, one on each tentacle.
-  Their natural camouflage makes them excel at stealth, and they have good
-  knowledge of poisons as well. They are also able to use their tentacles to
-  constrict enemies - potentially several at a time!
-Gargoyles
-  A cross between ordinary stone gargoyles and living beings, Gargoyles are
-  hideous humanoids with an affinity to rock. They have low health, but large
-  amounts of innate armour which increases further as they gain levels. They
-  eventually gain the ability to fly continuously.
-  Gargoyles' partially living form grants them immunity to poison, as well as
-  resistance to electricity, and protection from some effects of necromancy.
-  Their natural armour makes them strong melee fighters, and they are naturally
-  skilled with blunt weapons and in unarmed combat. They can also be exceptional
-  earth-based conjurers.
-Formicids
-  The Formicids are a species of humanoid ants. Just like their tiny insect
-  ancestors, the Formicids are well adept at earth work, both on the physical
-  and magical sides. Their abilities have been used to tunnel immense underground
-  communities and structures, many of which are tens of thousands of years old.
-  Perhaps unfortunately, their strong ties to to earth have left them completely
-  impervious to being teleported or hasted; Formicids are tied to the earth with
-  a complete sense of stasis. While this is a seemingly bad property for a
-  dungeon adventurer, stasis has the beneficial effect of preventing many types
-  of nasty hexes and maledictions.
-  With the ability to lift ten times their own weight, the Formicids have
-  strength rivaling that of ogres. This, along with the fact that they have four
-  arms, allows Formicid warriors to equip both a shield and a two-handed weapon
-  at the same time.
-  Formicids make good earth and venom mages, but are quite capable at both melee
-  and ranged combat too. They are naturally bad at air magic and conjurations.
-Vine Stalkers
-  Limber in shape, Vine Stalkers are anthropomorphic masses of thick vines.
-  They possess a once-humanoid core, parasitised moments before death by the
-  magical vines. Lacking any other discernible features, their faces are
-  dominated by their disproportionate, vicious maw with which they disrupt and
-  devour the magical energies of their foes.
-  Magic courses freely through their bodies, and any damage they take is split
-  between their health and magical reserves. They also physically regenerate
-  at an alarming rate. However these traits come at a price: the dual nature of
-  their bodies makes them frail to the extreme and they cannot benefit from
-  potions or wands to heal their wounds.
-  Living examples of adaptation, Vine Stalkers level up quickly and lend well
-  to an all-out offensive style; trusting their stealth to choose their prey
-  and then their regenerating capabilities to power through the wounds they may
-  sustain in battle. Many members of the species however, are seen wielding
-  magic quite competently and then switching to a hybrid style when their
-  reserves start to run low, thus replenishing their shroud of magic and their
-  spells' fuel with each voracious bite.
-Elves
-========================================
-There are a number of distinct species of Elf. Elves are all physically slight
-but long-lived people, quicker-witted than Humans, but sometimes slower to learn
-new things. Elves are especially good at using those skills which require a
-degree of finesse, such as stealth, sword-fighting and archery, but tend to be
-poor at using brute force and inelegant forms of combat. They find heavy armour
-to be uncomfortable.
-Due to their fey natures, all Elves are good at using magic in general and
-elemental magic in particular, while their affinity for other types of magic
-varies among the different sub-species.
-High Elves
-  This is a tall and powerful Elven species who advance in levels slowly,
-  requiring half again as much experience as Humans. They have good intelligence
-  and dexterity, but suffer in strength. Compared with Humans, they have fewer
-  HP but more magic. Among all races, they are best with blades and bows. They
-  are not very good with necromancy or with earth or poison magic, but are
-  highly skilled with most other forms of magic, especially Air and Charms.
-Deep Elves
-  This is an Elven species who long ago fled the overworld to live in darkness
-  underground. There, they developed their mental powers, evolving a natural
-  gift for all forms of magic (including necromancy and earth magic), and
-  adapted physically to their new environment, becoming shorter and weaker than
-  High Elves and losing all colouration. They are poor at hand-to-hand combat,
-  but excellent at fighting from a distance. They advance in levels at the same
-  speed as High Elves.
-The Undead
-========================================
-As creatures brought back from beyond the grave, the undead are naturally immune
-to poisons, negative energy and torment; have little warmth left to be affected
-by cold; and are not susceptible to mutations.
-There are three types of undead available to players: Mummies, Ghouls and
-Vampires.
-Mummies
-  These are undead creatures who travel into the depths in search of revenge,
-  redemption, or just because they want to.
-  Mummies progress slowly in levels, half again as slowly as Humans in all
-  skills except fighting, spellcasting and necromancy. As they increase in
-  levels, they become increasingly in touch with the powers of death, but cannot
-  use some types of necromancy which only affect living creatures. The side
-  effects of necromantic magic tend to be relatively harmless to Mummies.
-  However, their desiccated bodies are highly flammable. They also do not need
-  to eat or drink and, in any case, are incapable of doing so.
-Ghouls
-  Ghouls are horrible undead creatures, slowly rotting away. Although Ghouls can
-  sleep in their graves for years on end, when they rise to walk among the
-  living, they must eat flesh to survive. Raw flesh is preferred, and Ghouls
-  heal and reverse the effects of their eternal rotting by consuming it.
-  They aren't very good at doing most things, although they make decent unarmed
-  fighters with their claws and, due to their contact with the grave, can use
-  ice, earth and death magic without too many difficulties.
-Vampires
-  Vampires are another form of undead, but with a peculiarity: by consuming
-  fresh blood, they may become alive. A bloodless Vampire has all the traits of
-  an undead, but cannot regain lost physical attributes or regenerate from
-  wounds over time - in particular, magical items or spells which increase the
-  rate of regeneration will not work (though divine ones will). On the other
-  hand, a Vampire full with blood will regenerate very quickly, but lose all
-  undead powers. Vampires can never starve. They can drink from fresh corpses
-  with the 'e' command. Upon growing, they learn to transform into quick bats
-  and, later, how to draw potions of blood from fresh corpses.
-Draconians
-========================================
-Draconians are human-dragon hybrids: humanoid in form and approximately
-human-sized, with wings, tails and scaly skins. Draconians start out in an
-immature form with brown scales, but as they grow in power they take on a
-variety of colours. This happens at an early stage in their career, and the
-colour is determined by chromosomes, not by behaviour.
-Most types of Draconians have breath weapons or special resistances. Draconians
-cannot wear body armour and advance very slowly in levels, but are reasonably
-good at all skills other than missile weapons. Still, each colour has its own
-strengths and some have complementary weaknesses, which sometimes requires a bit
-of flexibility on the part of the player.
-Red Draconians
-  feel at home in fiery surroundings. They are bad with ice magic but very
-  proficient with fire. Their scorchingly hot breath will leave a lingering
-  cloud of flame.
-White Draconians
-  stem from frost-bitten lands, and are naturally resistant to frost. Their
-  breath is piercing cold. They are versed in ice magic, but bad at fire.
-Green Draconians
-  are used to venomous surroundings and breathe clouds of mephitic vapours. They
-  are especially good in the arts of poison and without deficiencies in other
-  magic realms. Later on, they will develop a poisonous stinger.
-Yellow Draconians
-  have a sulphurous breath full of corrosive acid, and later gain an acidic bite
-  attack. They are acid resistant, too.
-Grey Draconians
-  have no breath weapon, but also no need to breathe in order to live, which
-  helps them survive in deep water. They are proficient with earth magic but bad
-  with air magic, and also have harder scales than other Draconians.
-Black Draconians
-  can unleash huge electrical discharges, and are naturally insulated. They are
-  good at air magic but feel cumbersome with earth magic. Their wings will
-  eventually grow larger, which allows them to fly continuously when combined
-  with their natural skill with air magic.
-Mottled Draconians
-  are somewhat in touch with fire, yet are not weak with ice. They can spit
-  globs of sticky flame at those adjacent to them.
-Purple Draconians
-  are highly adapted to all spellcasting in general, and to hexes and charms in
-  particular. They are a bit better at evoking things than most other
-  Draconians. They can breathe dispelling energy which strips those it hits of
-  their enchantments, and are naturally more resistant to hostile enchantments
-  than other draconians.
-Pale Draconians
-  are better at air and fire magic, and have no deficiencies in other schools.
-  They breathe steam and, like their Purple cousins, have a slight advantage at
-  Evocations.
-****************************************
-. List of character backgrounds
-****************************************
-In your quest, you play as one of a large number of different types of
-characters. Although each has its own strengths and weaknesses, some are
-definitely easier than others, at least to begin with. The best backgrounds for
-a beginner are probably Gladiators and Berserkers; if you really want to play a
-magician, try a Conjurer or a Wizard. However, not all species are equally well
-suited for all backgrounds. The lighter coloured choices on the selection screen
-are generally considered to be the more accessible ones.
-Each background starts out with a different set of skills and items, but from
-there you can shape them as you will. Note that due to peculiarities of size or
-body shape, some characters start with a different inventory.
-Fighters
-  Fighters usually start with a good weapon, a suit of heavy armour, a
-  shield, and a potion of might. They have a good general grounding in the
-  arts of fighting.
-Gladiators
-  The Gladiator has been trained to fight in the ring, and so is versed in the
-  arts of fighting, but is not so good at anything else. In fact, Gladiators
-  have never learned anything except bashing monsters with heavy things. They
-  start with a nasty weapon, light armour, headgear and some nets.
-Monks
-  The Monk is a member of an ascetic order dedicated to the perfection of one's
-  body and soul through the discipline of the martial arts. Monks start with
-  very little equipment, but can survive without the weighty weapons and
-  spellbooks needed by characters of other backgrounds. When they choose a god
-  for the first time, their spiritual training gives them a piety boost.
-Berserkers
-  Berserkers are hardy warriors who worship Trog the Wrathful, from whom they
-  get the power to go berserk (as well as a number of other powers, should they
-  prove worthy), but who forbids the use of spell magic. They enter the dungeon
-  with a weapon of their choice, and dressed in animal skins.
-Healers
-  The Healer is a priest of Elyvilon. Healers begin with minor healing powers,
-  but can gain far greater abilities in the long run. They are able to persuade
-  monsters to abstain from bloodshed, gaining both piety and experience that
-  way.
-Chaos Knights
-  The Chaos Knight is a plaything of Xom. Xom is a very unpredictable (and
-  possibly psychotic) entity who rewards or punishes according to whim.
-Death Knights
-  The Death Knight is a fighter who aligns him or herself with the powers of
-  death and worships Yredelemnul the Dark, who grants followers the ability to
-  re-animate the dead and eventually many more powerful undead followers.
-Abyssal Knights
-  The Abyssal Knight is a fighter serving Lugonu the Unformed, ruler of the
-  Abyss. They are granted some power over the Abyss, and must spread death and
-  disorder in return.
-Skalds
-  Formidable warriors in their own rights, Skalds practice a form of augmenting
-  battle magic that is either chanted or sung. Unique to the highlands in which
-  they originate, these spells and formulae are second nature: they can either
-  inspire greatness in themselves and their allies, or fear in the hearts of
-  their enemies.
-Warpers
-  Warpers specialise in translocation magic, and are experts in traveling long
-  distances and positioning themselves precisely and use this to their advantage
-  in melee or missile combat. They start with a scroll of blinking.
-Assassins
-  An Assassin is a stealthy character who is especially good at killing, using
-  daggers or blowguns. They start with some deadly curare needles.
-Hunters
-  The Hunter is a type of fighter who specialises in missile weapons. A Hunter
-  starts with either some throwing weapons or a ranged weapon and some
-  ammunition, as well as a short sword or club and a set of leathers.
-Arcane Marksmen
-  Arcane Marksmen are Hunters who use debilitating spells to assist their ranged
-  attacks. They are particularly good at keeping their enemies at a distance.
-Artificers
-  Artificers are attuned to gadgets, mechanics and magic elicited from arcane
-  items, as opposed to casting magic themselves. As a consequence, they enter
-  the Dungeon with an assortment of wands. Artificers are skilled at evoking
-  magical items, and also understand the basics of melee combat.
-Wanderers
-  Wanderers are people who have not learned a specific trade. Instead, they've
-  travelled around becoming "jacks-of-all-trades, masters of none". They start
-  the game with a large, random assortment of skills and maybe some small
-  items they picked up along the way, but, other than that, they're pretty much
-  on their own.
-Magicians
-========================================
-A magician is not an available character background by itself, but a type of
-background, encompassing Wizards, Conjurers, Enchanters, Summoners,
-Necromancers, Transmuters, various Elementalists and Venom Mages. Magicians are
-the best at using magic. Among other things, they start with a robe and a book
-of spells which should see them through the first several levels.
-Wizards
-  A Wizard is a magician who does not specialise in any area of magic. Wizards
-  start with a variety of magical skills and with Magic Dart memorised. Their
-  book allows them to progress in many different branches of the arcane arts.
-Conjurers
-  The Conjurer specialises in the violent and destructive magic of conjuration
-  spells. Like Wizards, the Conjurer starts with the Magic Dart spell.
-Enchanters
-  The Enchanter specialises in the subtle art of hexes. Instead of directly
-  damaging foes, hexes disable and debilitate them, allowing the Enchanter to
-  finish the helpless creatures in combat. The Enchanter begins with lightly
-  enchanted weapons and armour, as well as the Corona spell.
-Summoners
-  The Summoner specialises in calling creatures from this and other worlds to
-  give assistance. Although they can at first summon only very wimpy creatures,
-  the more advanced summoning spells allow summoners to call on such powers as
-  elementals and demons.
-Necromancers
-  The Necromancer is a magician who specialises in the less pleasant side of
-  magic. Necromantic spells are a varied bunch, but many involve some degree of
-  risk or harm to the caster.
-Transmuters
-  Transmuters specialise in transmutation magic, and can cause strange changes
-  in themselves and others. They deal damage primarily in unarmed combat, often
-  using transformations to enhance their defensive and offensive capabilities.
-Venom Mages
-  Venom Mages specialise in poison magic, which is extremely useful in the
-  shallower levels of the dungeon where few creatures are immune to it.
-Elementalists
-  Elementalists are magicians who specialise in one of the four types of
-  elemental magic: air, fire, earth or ice.
-  Fire Magic
-    tends towards destructive conjurations.
-  Ice Magic
-    offers a balance between destructive conjurations and protective charms.
-  Air Magic
-    provides many useful charms in addition to some unique destructive
-    capabilities.
-  Earth Magic
-    is a mixed bag, with destructive, defensive and utility spells available.
-****************************************
-. List of skills
-****************************************
-Here is a description of the skills you may have. You can check your current
-skills with the 'm' command, and therein toggle between progress display and
-aptitude display using '*'. You can also read the table of aptitudes from the
-help menu using '?%', and during character choice with '%'.
-Fighting skills
-========================================
-Fighting is the basic skill used in hand-to-hand combat, and applies no matter
-which weapon your character is wielding (if any). Fighting is also the skill
-that determines the number of hit points your character gets as they increase in
-levels (note that this is calculated so that you don't get a long run advantage
-by starting out with a high Fighting skill). Unlike the specific weapon skill,
-Fighting does not change the speed with which you make your attacks.
-Weapon skills affect your ability to fight with specific melee weapons. Weapon
-skills include:
-  * Short Blades
-  * Long Blades
-  * Maces & Flails
-  * Axes
-  * Staves
-  * Polearms
-If you are already good using a class of weapons, say Long Blades, you'll get
-a bonus to using similar weapons, like Short Blades; this is called
-crosstraining and is shown in blue in the skill menu. Similar types of weapons
-are:
-  * Short Blades and Long Blades
-  * Maces & Flails and Axes
-  * Polearms and Axes
-  * Staves and Polearms
-  * Staves and Maces & Flails
-Being good at a specific weapon improves the speed with which you attack with it.
-Both the base speed and the best (lowest) possible speed are displayed in the
-inventory entry for a weapon. Although lighter weapons are easier to use
-initially, as they strike quickly and accurately, heavier weapons increase in
-damage potential very quickly as you improve your skill with them. You can check
-the current delay of your weapon by swinging it at air (using ctrl-direction) and
-looking at the number in parentheses next to your turncount.
-Some weapon types have special abilities. Axes are able to cleave through
-multiple enemies in a single swing, hitting enemies in an arc around the
-wielder with every attack. Polearms can reach farther and allow the wielder to
-attack an opponent two squares away, and even reach over monsters. Use the 'v'
-command to target a specific monster with a reaching attack, or use Autofight
-('tab') to reach automatically.
-Unarmed Combat is a special fighting skill. It allows your character to make a
-powerful attack when unarmed and also to punch with the off hand as an
-additional melee attack. Unarmed combat is particularly difficult to use in
-combination with heavy armour or shields. The Unarmed Combat skill continues to
-increase your attack speed while unarmed until it can be raised no more.
-Note that auxiliary attacks (such as a Centaur's kick or a Minotaur's headbutt)
-are not affected by the Unarmed Combat skill.
-Ranged combat skills
-========================================
-There are a number of individual weapon skills for missile weapons:
-  * Throwing (includes blowguns)
-  * Bows
-  * Crossbows
-  * Slings
-Throwing is the skill for all things hurled without a launcher: tomahawks,
-javelins, tomahawks, nets, etc. The other skills refer to various types of
-missiles shot with a launcher. An exception to this are needles: these are
-launched using blowguns, an action which uses the Throwing skill. Since
-stones can be thrown without launchers to some effect, these skills
-crosstrain:
-  * Throwing and Slings
-Magic skills
-========================================
-Spellcasting is the basic skill for magic use. It affects your reserves of
-magical energy (Magic) in the same way that Fighting affects your hit points:
-every time you increase the Spellcasting skill you gain some magic points, and
-you gain a spell level every time you reach a skill level divisible by 0.5.
-This skill greatly influences the amount by which casting causes hunger.
-Spellcasting also helps with the power and success rate of your spells, but to
-a lesser extent than the more specialised magical skills.
-There are also individual skills for each different type of magic; the higher
-the skill, the more powerful the spell. Multidisciplinary spells use an average
-of the two or three skills.
-Miscellaneous skills
-========================================
-Armour
-  Heavier body armours give more reliable protection from damage but have
-  several disadvantages.
-  Having a high Armour skill means that you are used to wearing heavy armour,
-  allowing you to move more freely and gain more protection. When you look at an
-  armour's description (from within the inventory), you can see in particular
-  how cumbersome it is. This is measured by the encumbrance rating.
-  This skill helps to overcome the evasion penalty of body armours, reduces the
-  amount by which heavy armour hamper melee fighting and also somewhat mitigates
-  the bad effects of heavy armour on spellcasting. High Armour skill also
-  increases the AC provided by other types of armour (gloves, cloaks, etc.).
-Dodging
-  A high Dodging skill helps you to evade melee and ranged attacks more
-  effectively. This is more easily done in light armour, but can still be useful
-  in heavier armour.
-Stealth
-  Helps you avoid being noticed, and makes monsters more likely to lose track of
-  you when you leave their line of sight. Wearing heavy armour or being
-  encumbered penalises stealth attempts. Large creatures (like Trolls) are bad
-  at stealth, except for Nagas, which are unusually stealthy.
-  Stealth also helps you make a very powerful first strike against a
-  sleeping/resting monster who hasn't noticed you yet. This is most effective
-  with a dagger, slightly less effective with other short blades, again somewhat
-  less useful with long blades, clubs, spears, tridents, and felid claws, and
-  finally even less useful (although still by no means negligible) with any other
-  weapon.
-  Stealth also improves some melee attacks against confused, distracted, or
-  otherwise incapacitated monsters, though this is much less effective than when
-  the monster is asleep or paralysed.
-  Note that in addition to the bonus from weapon type, there is an additional
-  stabbing bonus based on the average of your stealth skill and your skill with
-  your wielded weapon.
-Shields
-  Affects the amount of protection you gain by using a shield, and the degree to
-  which it hinders you. For most races, 5/15/25 skill is enough to mitigate the
-  encumbrance of bucklers/shields/large shields respectively, though larger
-  races need less skill and and smaller races more.
-Invocations
-  Affects your ability to call on your god for aid. Those skilled at Invocations
-  have reduced failure rates and produce more powerful effects. Some gods (such
-  as Trog) do not require followers to learn this skill.
-Evocations
-  This skill lets you use wands much more effectively, in terms of both damage
-  and precision. Furthermore, with high Evocations, you can easily deduce the
-  number of charges in a wand through usage. Similarly, all other items that
-  have certain powers (such as crystal balls, decks of cards, or elemental
-  summoners) work better for characters trained in this skill.
-  Invocations and Evocations can increase your maximum magical reserves,
-  although both have a smaller effect than Spellcasting in this regard. The
-  bonuses are not cumulative; the highest contribution from Spellcasting,
-  Invocations or Evocations is used.
-****************************************
-. List of keys and commands
-****************************************
-Main screen
-========================================
-Crawl has many commands to be issued by single key strokes. This can become
-confusing, since there are also several modes; here is the full list. Some
-commands are particularly useful in combination with certain interface options;
-such options are mentioned in the list. For a description of them, please look
-into options_guide.txt. For a more terse list of all commands, use '??' in-game.
-Most modes (targeting, level map, interlevel travel) also have help menus via
-'?' on their own.
-Movement
-----------------------------------------
-direction
-  This moves one square. The direction is either one of the numpad cursor keys
-  (try both Numlock on and off) or one of the Rogue vi keys (hjklyubn).
-Shift-direction or / direction
-  This moves straight until something interesting is found (like a monster). If
-  the first square is a trap, movement starts nonetheless.
-o
-  Auto-explore. Setting the option explore_greedy to true makes auto-explore run
-  to interesting items (those that get picked up automatically) or piles
-  (checking the contents). Autoexploration will open doors on its own except if
-  you set travel_open_doors to false.
-G or Ctrl-G
-  Interlevel travel (to arbitrary dungeon levels or waypoints). Remembers old
-  destinations if interrupted. This command has its own set of shortcuts; use ?
-  for help on them.
-Ctrl-W
-  Set waypoint (a digit between 0 and 9). Check the option show_waypoints. You
-  can go to a waypoint by pressing Ctrl-G or G and the digit.
-Resting
-----------------------------------------
-s, Del, . or Numpad 5
-  Rests for one turn. This is most often used tactically for waiting a few
-  turns. Serious resting should be done with the 5 command, for the sake of
-  your keyboard and sanity.
-or Shift-Numpad 5
-  Long resting, until both health and magic points are full or 100 turns
-  are over.
-Resting is the only way to get rid of manticore spikes, but is otherwise
-indistinguishable from any other action; healing, magic point restoration,
-etc, proceed at the same rate, whether you're resting or not.
-Dungeon interaction
-----------------------------------------
-O
-  Open door. This is also done automatically by walking into the door.
-C
-  Close door.
-Ctrl-direction or * direction
-  Tries to untrap a known trap on the specified square, else opens/closes door
-  if there is one, else attacks without move (even if no monster is seen).
-<
-  Use staircase to go higher or enter a shop or portal.
->
-  Use staircase to go deeper or enter a shop or portal.
-;
-  Examine occupied tile and auto-pickup eligible items. Can also be used to pick
-  up only part of a stack with no other item on the same square.
-x
-  Examine surroundings, see below. Has '?' help.
-X
-  Examine level map, see below. Has '?' help.
-Ctrl-X
-  Lists all monsters, items and features in sight. You may read their
-  descriptions and travel to an item or feature.
-Ctrl-O
-  Show dungeon overview (branches, shops, etc.).
-!
-  Annotate current level. You can enter any text. This annotation is then listed
-  in the dungeon overview (Ctrl-O) and also shown whenever you enter that level
-  again. If you use this command when standing on a staircase, you may also
-  annotate the level that staircase leads to. Should your annotation contain an
-  exclamation mark (!), you will be prompted before entering the level. An empty
-  string clears annotations.
-Character information
---------------------------------------
-'display' below means usage of the message area, 'show' means usage of the whole
-screen.
-@
-  Display character status.
-[
-  Display worn armour.
-}
-  Display list of runes collected.
-"
-  Display worn jewellery.
-E
-  Display experience info.
-^
-  Show religion screen.
-A
-  Show abilities/mutations.
-a
-  Choose an ability or read its description. a? or a* show current abilities as
-  a menu.
-\\
-  Show item knowledge. You can toggle autopickup exceptions for item types in
-  this screen. The screen has its own help text.
-m
-  Show skill screen. You can get descriptions of present skills from that
-  screen, as well as the aptitudes. The screen has its own help text.
-i
-  Show inventory list. Inside this list, pressing a slot key shows information
-  on that item.
-]
-  Shows a restricted inventory, only containing worn, wielded and quivered
-  items.
-I
-  Show list of memorised spells.
-%
-  Show resistances and general character overview: health, experience, money,
-  gear, and status, mutations, abilities (the latter three more terse than with
-  the command @, A, a). This is a highly condensed conglomeration of [, ", E, ^,
-  @, A, a, $ on a single screen. Pressing the key of a displayed item views it.
-Other game-playing commands
-----------------------------------------
-a
-  Use special ability.
-p
-  Pray to your god, generally in order to sacrifice some item.
-z
-  Cast a spell. Should the spell demand monsters as targets but there are none
-  within range, casting will be stopped. In this case, neither turns nor magic
-  are used. If you want to cast the spell nonetheless, use Z.
-Z
-  Cast a spell regardless of range limitations.
-t
-  Tell commands to allies, or shout (with tt).
-Ctrl-A
-  Toggle autopickup. Note that encounters with invisible monsters always turns
-  autopickup off. You need to switch it on with Ctrl-A afterwards.
-Ctrl-V
-  Toggle colouring monsters by their remaining HP. (Console only)
-Ctrl-T
-  Toggle displaying monsters' weapons' glyphs. (Console only)
-\`
-  Re-do previous command
-  Repeat next command a given number of times
-Non-game playing commands
-----------------------------------------
-?
-  The help menu.
-Ctrl-P
-  Show previous messages.
-Ctrl-R
-  Redraw screen.
-Ctrl-C
-  Clear main and level maps.
-#
-  Dump character to file (name.txt).
-:
-  Add note to dump file (see option take_notes).
-?:
-  Read the notes in-game.
-?V
-  Display version information.
-?/
-  Describe a monster, spell or feature. You can enter a partial name or a regex
-  instead of the full name.
-~ or Ctrl-D
-  Add or save macros and key mappings.
-=
-  Reassign inventory/spell/abilities letters.
-_ (console) or F12 (WebTiles)
-  Read messages (when playing online; not for local games).
-\-
-  Edit player doll (Tiles only).
-Saving games
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-S
-  Save game with query and exit.
-Ctrl-S
-  Save game without query and exit.
-Ctrl-Q
-  Quit without saving (you're asked before).
-Stashes
-^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
-Ctrl-F
-  Find. This searches in stashes and shops, you can use regular expressions and
-  also terms like 'long blades', 'shop', 'altar', 'artefact'. If you are looking
-  for altars to a special god, a search for 'Trog' , etc. works. A string like
-  'D:13' will list all known items on that level. 'D:1}' will search for items
-  on level 1 only, as opposed to 'D:1', which will also list items on D:10
-  through D:19. Once the list of all found places is displayed, you can cause
-  auto-travel to go there (press the associated letter) or you can examine the
-  items (press ? followed by the letter).
-Item interaction (inventory)
-========================================
-{
-  Inscribe item (check the autoinscribe option). An empty inscription or
-  inscribing only space will remove prior inscriptions. See Appendix `6.
-  Inscriptions`_. You can also inscribe items when viewing them by pressing
-  their slot key in the inventory.
-f
-  Fire quivered missile. If some monster is in sight, either the last target or
-  the nearest monster will be automatically targeted. Pressing f again shoots.
-F
-  Directly choose an item and fire. Contrary to fi this does not change the
-  quiver.
-( and )
-  Cycle quiver to next/previous suitable missile, respectively.
-Q
-  Quiver item from a menu.
-q
-  Quaff a potion.
-e
-  Eat food (tries floor first, inventory next). In the eating prompt, e is
-  synonymous to y.
-r
-  Read a scroll or book. When reading a book, you may destroy the book in order
-  to forget a spell.
-M
-  Memorise a spell from a book.
-w
-  Wield an item ( - for none).
-'
-  Wield item a, or switch to b.
-v
-  Evoke power of wielded item. Also used to attack non-adjacent monsters with
-  a polearm.
-V
-  Evoke an item from the inventory. This includes using wands.
-W
-  Wear armour.
-T
-  Take off armour.
-P
-  Put on jewellery.
-R
-  Remove jewellery.
-Item interaction (floor)
-========================================
-g or ,
-  Pick up items. Use a prefix to pick up smaller quantities. As with dropping,
-  Ctrl-F allows you to pick up items matching regular expression.
-d
-  Drop an item. Within the drop list, you can select slots based on a regular
-  expression by pressing Ctrl-F, followed by the regex.
-d#
-  Drop exact number of items, where # is a number.
-D
-  Drop item(s) picked up last.
-c
-  Chop up a corpse. In case there are several corpses on the ground, you are
-  prompted one by one. There, you can answer
-  =========  ================================
-  y, c       yes (chop up this corpse)
-  n, Space:  no (skip this corpse)
-  a          yes to all (chop up all corpses)
-  q, Esc     stop chopping altogether
-  =========  ================================
-Shortcuts in lists (like multidrop)
-========================================
-When dropping, the drop menu accepts several shortcuts. The same applies to
-the pickup menu. In the following, if an item is already selected, the key
-will deselect it (except for ',' and '-', obviously).
-(
-  Select all missiles.
-)
-  Select all hand weapons.
-[
-  Select all armour.
-?
-  Select all scrolls.
-%
-  Select all food.
-&
-  Select all carrion and inedible food.
-\+ or :
-  Select all books.
-/
-  Select all wands.
-|
-  Select all staves.
-\\
-  Select all rods.
-!
-  Select all potions.
-=
-  Select all rings.
-"
-  Select all amulets.
-}
-  Select all miscellaneous items.
-,
-  Global select (subject to drop_filter option).
-\-
-  Global deselect (subject to drop_filter option).
-\*
-  Invert selection. This will allow you to select all items even if you use the
-  drop_filter option.
-.
-  Selects next item. (If you have pressed the key of an item in the list, '.'
-  will toggle the next item. This can be repeated, quickly selecting several
-  subsequent items).
-Level map ('X')
-========================================
-The level map (brought up by 'X' in the main screen) uses the whole screen to
-show the dungeon. The first line of that screen usually gives the name of the
-level and a hint on the help screen. You can use the level_map_title option to
-get rid of that.
-Esc, Space
-  Leave level map.
-?
-  Level map help.
-\-
-  Scroll level map up.
-\+
-  Scroll level map down.
-direction
-  Move cursor.
-Shift-direction
-  Move cursor in bigger steps (check the option or / direction
-  level_map_cursor_step).
-.
-  Travel to cursor (also Enter, Del, ',' and ';'). If the cursor is on the
-  character, move cursor to last travel destination instead.
-<
-  Cycle through up stairs.
->
-  Cycle through down stairs.
-^
-  Cycle through traps.
-_
-  Cycle through altars.
-Tab
-  Cycle through shops and portals.
-I
-  Cycle forward through all items and piles.
-O
-  Cycle backward through all items and piles.
-Ctrl-C
-  Clear level and main maps (from temporarily seen monsters, clouds, etc.).
-Ctrl-F
-  Forget level map.
-Waypoints can be set on the level map. You can travel to waypoints using G.
-Check the option show_waypoints. The commands are:
-Ctrl-W
-  Set waypoint.
-W
-  Cycle through waypoints.
-Travel exclusions mark certain spots of the map as no-go areas for autotravel
-and explore.
-e
-  Set travel exclusion. If an exclusion is already present, change size (from
-  single square to full field of vision); after that, remove exclusion.
-Ctrl-E
-  Erase all travel exclusions at once.
-E
-  Cycle through travel exclusions.
-Examining surroundings ('x')
-========================================
-When roaming the dungeon, the surroundings mode is activated by 'x'. It lets you
-have a look at items or monsters in line of sight.
-Esc, Space, x
-  Return to playing mode.
-?
-  Special help screen.
-\* or '
-  Cycle objects forward.
-/ or ;
-  Cycle objects backward.
-\+ or =
-  Cycle monsters forward.
-\-
-  Cycle monsters backward.
-direction
-  Move cursor.
-. or Enter
-  Travel to cursor (also Del).
-v
-  Describe feature or monster under cursor. Some branch entries have special
-  information.
->
-  Cycle downstairs.
-<
-  Cycle upstairs.
-_
-  Cycle through altars.
-Tab
-  Cycle shops and portals.
-Targeting
-========================================
-Targeting mode is similar to examining surroundings. It is activated whenever
-you fire projectiles, evoke a wand or cast spells which use targets. All of the
-commands described for examination of surroundings work, with the exception of
-Space (which fires).
-Esc or x
-  Stop targeting.
-?
-  Special help screen.
-Enter
-  Fire at cursor direction (also Del and Space).
-.
-  Fire at cursor position and stop there with slightly reduced impact. This can
-  be useful to avoid damaging pets, or to avoid losing arrows.
-p
-  Fire at previous target (if still in sight).
-f
-  Smart-firing: fire at previous target, if it is still in sight; and else fire
-  at the cursor position. You can start shooting at an opponent with 'ff' and
-  then keep firing with 'ff'.
-:
-  Toggle display of the beam path.
-( and )
-  These two commands allow you to change ammunition while targeting. The choice
-  is subject to the fire_order option. Usually, you change missiles according to
-  your launcher; i.e. when wielding a bow, ( and ) will cycle through all stacks
-  of arrows in your inventory.
-Shift-direction
-  Fire straight in that direction.
-****************************************
-. List of enchantments
-****************************************
-The stats area has room for showing the enchantments which you currently enjoy
-or have to suffer. A list of these enchantments follows, as some are either
-abbreviated or may have unusual effects.
-(Mostly) good enchantments
-========================================
-Full
-  You have eaten a lot.
-Very Full
-  You have eaten almost all you can for now.
-Engorged
-  You can't eat any more for now.
-Fast
-  All of your actions are 50% faster. This causes magical contamination
-  over time, and may cause dangerous levels of contamination if you were
-  already contaminated before gaining this status.
-Invis
-  You are invisible. Most enemies will be unable to see you & will
-  suffer penalties to hit, though they may be able to guess at your
-  general location. Invis causes magical contamination over time, and
-  may cause dangerous levels of contamination if you were already
-  contaminated before gaining this status. If this effect is greyed out,
-  it is active (and causing contamination) but ineffective for some
-  reason (e.g. you are glowing, lit an angel's halo, etc).
-Tele
-  You are about to teleport, i.e. feeling "unstable". If you are about to
-  teleport, another effect that applies Tele (a scroll, wand, etc) will
-  cancel it.
-cTele
-  The next translocation you make will be semi-controlled (if a blink) or
-  fully controlled (if a teleport). Beware that even a controlled teleport is
-  not totally reliable; it is likely to land you adjacent to your chosen
-  destination, or, if that would place you inside a wall, somewhere completely
-  random.
-Fly
-  You fly above the ground, and are able to cross water and lava, or fight
-  above shallow water without penalties. Most types of flight will time out
-  - be sure you're not above deadly liquids when that happens!
-Agi
-  You are unnaturally agile. This provides bonuses to your dexterity, evasion,
-  and stealth.
-Brill
-  You are unnaturally smart. This provides bonuses to your intelligence,
-  spellcasting success, & spellpower.
-Might
-  You are unnaturally strong. This provides bonuses to your strength & damage
-  in physical combat.
-Regen
-  You regenerate hit points at an unnaturally fast rate. This is only shown for
-  temporary regeneration.
-RMsl
-  You repel missiles, i.e. there's a good chance to evade them. This effect, if
-  provided by a spell, has a chance to expire with every projectile it repels;
-  it otherwise lasts indefinitely.
-DMsl
-  You deflect missiles, i.e. there's a great chance to evade them. This effect,
-  if provided by a spell, has a chance to expire with every projectile it
-  deflects; it otherwise lasts indefinitely.
-Touch
-  Your unarmed attacks no longer deal damage, but have a chance of confusing
-  monsters that they hit.
-MR
-  You are more resistant to hostile enchantments.
-Berserk
-  You are stronger, faster, tougher! Beware, though, that if you do not kill
-  monsters this status will wear off even faster, and when it does, you will
-  be slowed and exhausted, possibly passing out temporarily as well.
-(Mostly) bad enchantments
-========================================
-Hungry
-  Most species can eat chunks of corpses only if hungry.
-Very Hungry
-  You are even hungrier than usual.
-Near Starving
-  You are in desperate need of food.
-Starving
-  You should really eat something; death is not far away. While starving, your
-  combat abilities are impaired and you are unable to cast spells or use many
-  evoked or divine abilities.
-Pois
-  You are poisoned and continually lose hit points. While poisoned, your current
-  health will be partially recoloured to display the eventual poison damage that
-  will be dealt. Cure with potions of curing or by waiting it out.
-Conf
-  You are confused. Actions may not work properly, or may be targeted in a
-  random direction. Spellcasting and scroll use are completely impossible.
-  Wait it out, or drink a potion of curing for immediate relief.
-Contam
-  You glow with mutagenic radiation. This can mutate you over time, usually with
-  a bad outcome. The colour indicates the severity: the first level (darkgrey)
-  is only a warning, and no mutation or loss of stealth will occur from it.
-Drain
-  Your skills have been drained by negative energy, and are less effective.
-  This status will not wear off by waiting, but will expire as you gain
-  experience. This status has multiple levels, and you can see just how much you
-  have been drained by looking at the skills screen.
-Breath
-  Some abilities (like breath weapons or Zin's recite invocation) require you to
-  catch your breath in between uses. These abilities cannot be re-used until the
-  Breath status disappears.
-Exh
-  You are too exhausted to use certain tiring abilities; notably, Berserk.
-Slow
-  All your actions take 50% longer.
-Para
-  You are paralysed, and completely unable to act.
-Sleep
-  You are asleep, and completely unable to act. Attacks will wake you.
-Held
-  You are held in a net or a spider web. You cannot move freely and will instead
-  try to struggle free.
-Constr
-  You are being constricted by an enemy and will take an increasing amount of
-  damage every turn. Also, movement (including blinking) away from the enemy is
-  restricted, although you can struggle to escape and will become increasingly
-  more likely to succeed when doing so multiple times.
-Mesm
-  You are mesmerised and cannot move away from the monster(s) mesmerising you.
-Fear
-  You are overcome with fear and cannot move towards the monster(s) causing
-  fear in you.
--cTele
-  You may not gain the cTele status if you have this status, and effects that
-  provide controlled blinking (e.g. the spell or scroll) are unreliable.
--Tele
-  Some effect is preventing you from teleporting or blinking.
-Mark
-  Due to the effects of a trap or a spell, monsters will now hunt you down more
-  precisely, and will be able to detect you even if you are not in their vision.
-Fire
-  You are covered with sticky fire, which causes damage over the next few turns.
-  Entering water will extinguish the flames.
-Corona
-  You are surrounded by light; this ruins your stealth and makes you easier to
-  hit.
-Barbs
-  There are dangerous barbs embedded in your skin, and moving around will cause
-  you to take damage. They will go away after standing in place for a few turns
-  or moving around.
-Sick
-  You have been sickened by some hostile effect. Hit points don't regenerate
-  until cured (wait it out or quaff a potion of curing). Occasionally a primary
-  attribute might drop.
-Rot
-  This is a very harmful, necromantic ailment. You will lose maximum hit points
-  over time. Only healing potions and wands (and certain abilities) restore
-  these, once lost. The rotting status itself is cured with potions of curing
-  or by waiting it out.
-Corr
-  Your equipment is covered with noxious acid! Both your effectiveness in
-  physical combat and defenses (AC) are reduced; the displayed number indicates
-  the former. After some time passes, the effect will disappear.
-Flay
-  You are covered in illusionary - but nonetheless deadly! - wounds. Destroying
-  the source of the illusion will restore the health that was 'flayed' away.
-Weak
-  Your physical attacks do less damage.
-Roots
-  You are held to the ground by animated roots. Your movement speed is slower,
-  your evasion is reduced, and you are unable to fly.
-Frozen
-  You are covered in ice, and your movement speed is reduced.
-Sap
-  Some demonic force is inhibiting your spellcasting; every spell that you cast
-  while this status is in effect will reduce your chances of casting more spells
-  successfuly. Casting stronger spells will reduce your success chances more than
-  casting weak spells will.
-Brainless, Clumsy, Collapse
-  One of your attributes (Intelligence, Dexterity, or Strength, respectively)
-  has fallen to 0. You suffer extreme penalties to most actions related to
-  the specific attribute. Increasing the attribute above 0 will cause the status
-  to go away in a few turns.
-There are several more enchantment messages for various spells. The description
-of the spell causing the enchantment will explain these.
-****************************************
-. Inscriptions
-****************************************
-You can use the { command to manually inscribe items; alternatively, you can
-also inscribe when viewing items from the inventory (done by pressing the item's
-letter). This adds a note in curly braces to the item description. Besides
-simply allowing you to make comments about items, there are several further
-uses.
-Automatic inscriptions
-========================================
-These are done by the game to help you to identify items. For example, items
-that you have seen a monster use will be inscribed with "{tried by monster}".
-Inscriptions as shortcuts
-========================================
-You can use inscriptions to define shortcuts for easy access to items,
-regardless of their actual inventory letter. For example, if an item's
-inscription contains "@w9", you can type 'w9' in order to wield it. Instead of
-the 9, any other digit works as well. And instead of 'w'ield, any other command
-used for handling items can be used: 'e'at, 'r'ead, 'q'uaff, e'v'oke, 'f'ire, etc.
-Using "@*9" will make any action command followed by '9' use this item.
-Safety inscriptions
-========================================
-Inscriptions containing the following strings affect the behaviour of some
-commands:
-!*
-  Prompt before any action using this item.
-!w
-  Prompt before wielding and unwielding this item.
-!a
-  Prompt before attacking when wielding this item. Non-weapons and ranged
-  weapons prompt automatically. Also, if you answer 'y', you won't be prompted
-  again until you switch weapons.
-!d
-  Prompt before dropping this item.
-!e
-  Prompt before eating this item.
-!q
-  Prompt before quaffing this item.
-!r
-  Prompt before reading this item.
-!f
-  Prompt before firing or throwing this item.
-!W
-  Prompt before wearing this armour.
-!T
-  Prompt before taking off this armour.
-!P
-  Prompt before putting on this jewellery.
-!R
-  Prompt before removing this jewellery.
-!v
-  Prompt before evoking this item.
-!Q
-  Prompt before explicitly quivering this item.
-!p
-  Prompt before sacrificing a stack containing an item with this inscription; if
-  the answer is "No", the whole stack will be skipped, and no items will be
-  sacrificed.
-=p
-  Prompt before sacrificing this particular item; if the answer is "No", then
-  Crawl will go on to sacrifice further items in the stack.
-=g
-  Pick this item up automatically if autopickup is on.
-=f
-  Exclude this item from automatic quivering.
-\+f
-  Include this item in automatic quivering.
-=F
-  Exclude this item when cycling ammunition.
-\+F
-  Include this item when cycling ammunition.
-=R
-  Do not offer to swap out this ring if another one can be removed instead.
-!D
-  Prompt before performing an action that might destroy this item. If you're
-  attempting to destroy an item thus inscribed by sacrificing it, destroying a
-  weapon or burning a book in the names of various deities, the game won't even
-  ask you for confirmation but silently ignore this item. It also protects
-  against accidentally casting Sticks to Snakes on your favourite weapon.
-  However, it won't protect against lava accidents or hungry jellies.
-You can use the autoinscribe option to have some items automatically inscribed.
-See options_guide.txt for details. Some examples are:
-  autoinscribe = royal jelly:=g
-  autoinscribe = wand of heal wounds:!v
-Artefacts autoinscriptions
-========================================
-Many players use inscriptions for properties of artefacts. This makes browsing
-the inventory or stashes easier. Crawl provides a scheme for automatic
-inscription.
-Here, one has to negotiate between two concurrent objectives: terseness for
-better use of limited line lengths versus verboseness for easier reading. The
-default inscriptions use the following general ideas:
-rXXX
-  signifies a resistance
-\+XXX
-  signifies an ability you can evoke via the 'a' command
-\-XXX
-  signifies a suppressed ability
-XXX+
-  is a stronger version of property XXX
-XX+6
-  means a boost to some numerical stat (similar with XX-2, etc.)
-Here is the full list:
-rC+
-  one level of cold resistance
-rC++
-  two levels of cold resistance
-rC-
-  one level of cold susceptibility
-rF+
-  one level of fire resistance
-rF++
-  two levels of fire resistance
-rF-
-  one level of fire susceptibility
-rN+
-  one level of negative energy resistance (life protection)
-rPois
-  poison resistance
-rElec
-  electricity resistance (insulation)
-AC+3
-  AC (armour class) modifier
-EV+3
-  EV (evasion) modifier
-Str+3
-  strength modifier
-Dex+3
-  dexterity modifier
-Int+3
-  intelligence modifier
-Slay+3
-  accuracy & damage modifier (to melee and ranged combat)
-MR
-  boost to magical resistance to hostile enchantments
-Stealth+
-  stealth boost
-Stealth-
-  stealth penalty
-rCorr
-  resist corrosion
-rMut
-  resist mutation
-\+Fly
-  can evoke for flight (from the 'a'bilities menu)
-\+Inv
-  can evoke for invisibility (from the 'a'bilities menu)
-\+Blink
-  can evoke for blink (from the 'a'bilities menu)
-\+Rage
-  can evoke for berserk (from the 'a'bilities menu)
-\*Rage
-  uncontrolled berserk (may trigger on melee attacks)
-\*Tele
-  random teleportation
-\-Tele
-  prevents teleportation
-\-Cast
-  prevents spellcasting
-Contam
-  causes high magical contamination when unequipped
-Noisy
-  makes noises on hit
-Curse
-  chance of self-cursing when equipped
-Fire
-  rF+, rC-, enhances fire magic and weakens ice magic
-Ice
-  rC+, rF-, enhances ice magic and weakens fire magic
-SustAb
-  sustain abilities
-Regen
-  regeneration
-Wiz
-  wizardry
-MP+3
-  magical power modifier
-HP+3
-  hit point modifier
-+cTele
-  can evoke for temporary teleport control (from the 'a'bilities menu)
-SInv
-  see invisible
-Clar
-  clarity
-Gourm
-  gourmand
-Ward
-  warding
-Spirit
-  guardian spirit
-Inacc
-  inaccuracy (affects all attacks that can miss)
-Debugging inscriptions
-========================================
-If you've entered wizard mode, then you can change the zapping range of a wand
-by inscribing it with 'range:number' (e.g., 'range:50').  This only works for
-wands zapped by the player.
-</code>